Dr.

Ratnakar Swain
(M. Tech. & Ph.D., IIT KGP)
Asst. Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
NIT Rourkela
Example-(1)
In a pipe of dia 350mm and length 75m water is flowing at velocity of 2.8 m/s.
Find the head lost due to friction using Darcy’s and Chezy’s formula. 𝛎𝛎 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶 =
𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔. 𝑪𝑪 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓.
Solution: 𝟐𝟐
𝑫𝑫 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑, 𝑳𝑳 = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕, 𝒗𝒗 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝟖 𝒎𝒎/𝒔𝒔, 𝑪𝑪 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓, 𝝂𝝂 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎 ⁄𝒔𝒔
Using Darcy’s - Weisbach Formula

𝒗𝒗𝑫𝑫 𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝟖 × 𝟎𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝟓𝟓

𝑹𝑹𝒆𝒆 = = = 𝟖𝟖. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝝂𝝂 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟒𝟒

𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝒇𝒇 = 𝟏𝟏�
= 𝟏𝟏�
= 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑹𝑹𝒆𝒆 𝟒𝟒 𝟖𝟖. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟓𝟓 𝟒𝟒

𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟒𝟒 × 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 × 𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝟖 𝟐𝟐

𝒉𝒉𝒇𝒇 = = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗 𝒎𝒎
Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 × 𝟗𝟗. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 × 𝟎𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 3
 Using Chezy’s Formula

−𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐⁄
𝑫𝑫 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑, 𝑳𝑳 = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕, 𝒗𝒗 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝟖 𝒎𝒎/𝒔𝒔, 𝑪𝑪 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓, 𝝂𝝂 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒔𝒔

𝐯𝐯 = 𝑪𝑪 𝑹𝑹𝒊𝒊

𝑫𝑫 𝒉𝒉𝒇𝒇
⇒ 𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝟖 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 ×
𝟒𝟒 𝑳𝑳

𝟎𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒉𝒉𝒇𝒇

= 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 ×
𝟒𝟒 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕

⇒ 𝒉𝒉𝒇𝒇 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝒎𝒎

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Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
Example-(2)
The dia. of a horizontal pipe which is 300mm is suddenly enlarged to
600mm.Q= 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝒎𝒎𝟑𝟑 /𝒔𝒔. Pressure in smaller pipe=125 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐 . Determine,
→ Loss of head due to sudden enlargement
→ Pressure in large pipe
→ Power lost due to enlargement

Solution: 𝝅𝝅
𝑫𝑫𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑, 𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏 = × 𝟎𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟐𝟐 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐
𝟒𝟒
𝝅𝝅
𝑫𝑫𝟐𝟐 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔, 𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐 = × 𝟎𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟐𝟐 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐
𝟒𝟒
𝟑𝟑
𝑸𝑸 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎 ⁄𝒔𝒔, 𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲�𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐
𝑸𝑸 𝟎𝟎.𝟒𝟒
𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 = = = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝒎𝒎/𝒔𝒔
𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝑸𝑸 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒
𝒗𝒗 = = = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎/𝒔𝒔
𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
5
Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 − 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟓𝟓. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 − 𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
𝒉𝒉𝒆𝒆 = = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝒎𝒎.
𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈 𝟐𝟐 × 𝟗𝟗. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖

𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐

+ + 𝒁𝒁𝟏𝟏 = + + 𝒁𝒁𝟐𝟐 + 𝒉𝒉𝒆𝒆
𝒘𝒘 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒘𝒘 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐

𝒁𝒁𝟏𝟏 = 𝒁𝒁𝟐𝟐 , 𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩 𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚 𝐯𝐯𝐯𝐯𝐯𝐯𝐯𝐯𝐯𝐯𝐯𝐯, 𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟗𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐

Power lost due to enlargement 𝑷𝑷𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍

𝒘𝒘𝑸𝑸𝒉𝒉𝒆𝒆
𝑷𝑷𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 = 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏

𝟑𝟑
w= 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝑵𝑵�𝒎𝒎𝟑𝟑 , 𝑸𝑸 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎 ⁄𝒔𝒔 , 𝒉𝒉𝒆𝒆 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝒎𝒎

𝟗𝟗.𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖×𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏×𝟎𝟎.𝟒𝟒
𝑷𝑷𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 = × 𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟔 𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
6
Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
Example-(3)
For sudden expansion in a pipe flow, work out the ratio between the dia. of pipe
before expansion and dia. of pipe after expansion so that pressure rise is
maximum. Also find maximum pressure rise.
𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
Solution: + + 𝒁𝒁𝟏𝟏 = + + 𝒁𝒁𝟐𝟐 + 𝒉𝒉𝒆𝒆
𝒘𝒘 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒘𝒘 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐

𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝒁𝒁𝟏𝟏 = 𝒁𝒁𝟐𝟐
𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 −𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐
⇒ + = + + ∴ 𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 −𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝒘𝒘 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒘𝒘 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒉𝒉𝒆𝒆 =
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 −𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
⇒ ∆𝑷𝑷 = 𝐰𝐰 − −
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐

𝟐𝟐 𝟒𝟒 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏 𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 = 𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐

𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 𝑫𝑫𝟏𝟏 𝑫𝑫𝟏𝟏
∴ ∆𝑷𝑷 = 𝒘𝒘 × 𝟏𝟏 − − 𝟏𝟏 −
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝑫𝑫𝟐𝟐 𝑫𝑫𝟐𝟐 𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏 𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 𝑫𝑫𝟏𝟏
𝟐𝟐
𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 = = 𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏
𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐 𝑫𝑫𝟐𝟐
𝟐𝟐 𝟒𝟒
𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝑫𝑫𝟏𝟏 𝑫𝑫𝟏𝟏
= 𝒘𝒘 × 𝟐𝟐 − 𝟐𝟐
Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝑫𝑫𝟐𝟐 𝑫𝑫𝟐𝟐 7
Value of 𝑫𝑫𝟏𝟏 ⁄𝑫𝑫𝟐𝟐 For maximum pressure rise
𝒅𝒅 ∆𝑷𝑷
= 𝟎𝟎
𝒅𝒅 𝑫𝑫𝟏𝟏 /𝑫𝑫𝟐𝟐

𝒅𝒅 ∆𝑷𝑷 𝑫𝑫𝟏𝟏 𝑫𝑫𝟏𝟏 𝟑𝟑

⇒ = 𝟒𝟒 − 𝟖𝟖 = 𝟎𝟎
𝒅𝒅 𝑫𝑫𝟏𝟏 /𝑫𝑫𝟐𝟐 𝑫𝑫𝟐𝟐 𝑫𝑫𝟐𝟐

𝑫𝑫𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
⇒ =
𝑫𝑫𝟐𝟐 √𝟐𝟐

Maximum pressure rise

𝟐𝟐 𝟒𝟒
𝑽𝑽𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
∆𝑷𝑷 𝒎𝒎𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 = 𝑾𝑾 𝟐𝟐 × − 𝟐𝟐 ×
𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈 √𝟐𝟐 √𝟐𝟐

𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝒘𝒘𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐
∆𝑷𝑷 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 =
Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈 8
Example-(4)
D=0.08 m, S=0.8, Q=6.0125 𝒎𝒎𝟑𝟑 /𝒔𝒔. A sudden expansion takes place into a second
pipeline of such dia. that maximum pressure rise is obtained. Find
→ Loss of energy in sudden expansion
→ Differential gauge length indicated by an oil-mercury
manometer connected between the two pipes.
Solution:
𝑸𝑸 𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎⁄
𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 = = 𝝅𝝅 𝟐𝟐
= 𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒔𝒔
𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏 × 𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟒𝟒

For maximum pressure 𝑫𝑫𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏

=
𝑫𝑫𝟐𝟐 √𝟐𝟐
⇒ 𝑫𝑫𝟐𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐 × 𝑫𝑫𝟏𝟏 = 𝟐𝟐 × 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝑸𝑸 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 = = 𝝅𝝅 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎/𝒔𝒔
𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐 × 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐
𝟒𝟒
𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 − 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 − 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝒉𝒉𝒆𝒆 = = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐.
Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈 𝟐𝟐 × 𝟗𝟗. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 9
 Manometer reading:

𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 −𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 −𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐

= − 𝒉𝒉𝒆𝒆 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝒎𝒎 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐
𝒘𝒘 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐

𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 −𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 𝑺𝑺𝒎𝒎

= 𝒉𝒉 − 𝟏𝟏
𝒘𝒘 𝑺𝑺𝒖𝒖

𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏.𝟔𝟔
= 𝒉𝒉 − 𝟏𝟏
𝟎𝟎.𝟖𝟖

= 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏

⇒ 𝒉𝒉 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

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Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL