Dr.

Ratnakar Swain
(M. Tech. & Ph.D., IIT KGP)
Asst. Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
NIT Rourkela
Branching of pipes

𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝑷𝑷 > 𝒁𝒁𝟐𝟐 ⇒ 𝑸𝑸𝟏𝟏 = 𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐 + 𝑸𝑸𝟑𝟑

𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝑷𝑷 < 𝒁𝒁𝟐𝟐 ⇒ 𝑸𝑸𝟏𝟏 + 𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐 = 𝑸𝑸𝟑𝟑

• At joint, sum of Q into the junction = Sum of Q out of junction

• If some pipes are long ⇒ minor losses are negligible

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Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
 Example-1:

Pipe(1)

D=1m, L=3000m, f=0.015

Pipe(2)

D=0.5m, L=600m, f=0.024

Pipe(3)

D=0.6m, L=1200m, f=0.02

Find 𝑸𝑸𝟏𝟏 , 𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐 , 𝑸𝑸𝟑𝟑 .

f=friction factor
Assume piezometric head at J=26m

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Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
Assume piezometric head at J=26m

𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝒎/𝒔𝒔 𝑸𝑸𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟑𝟑 /𝒔𝒔
𝟒𝟒 =
𝟐𝟐 × 𝟗𝟗. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 × 𝟏𝟏

𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 × 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎/𝒔𝒔

𝟔𝟔 = 𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝟑𝟑 /𝒔𝒔
𝟐𝟐 × 𝟗𝟗. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 × 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓

𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 × 𝒗𝒗𝟑𝟑 𝟐𝟐

𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 = 𝒗𝒗𝟑𝟑 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒎𝒎/𝒔𝒔 𝑸𝑸𝟑𝟑 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒎𝒎𝟑𝟑 /𝒔𝒔
𝟐𝟐 × 𝟗𝟗. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 × 𝟎𝟎. 𝟔𝟔

𝑷𝑷 > 𝒁𝒁𝟐𝟐 ⇒ 𝑸𝑸𝟏𝟏 = 𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐 + 𝑸𝑸𝟑𝟑

𝑸𝑸𝟏𝟏 − 𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐 + 𝑸𝑸𝟑𝟑 = −𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟓𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝟑𝟑 /𝒔𝒔

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Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
Assume piezometric head at J=24m

𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟑

𝟔𝟔 = ⇒ 𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝒎𝒎⁄𝒔𝒔 𝒎𝒎
∴ 𝑸𝑸𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 �𝒔𝒔
𝟐𝟐 × 𝟗𝟗. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 × 𝟏𝟏
𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟑
𝟒𝟒 = ⇒ 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝒎𝒎⁄𝒔𝒔 𝒎𝒎
∴ 𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 �𝒔𝒔
𝟐𝟐 × 𝟗𝟗. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 × 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓

𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝒗𝒗𝟑𝟑 𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟑

𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 = ⇒ 𝒗𝒗𝟑𝟑 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝒎𝒎⁄𝒔𝒔 𝒎𝒎
∴ 𝑸𝑸𝟑𝟑 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 �𝒔𝒔
𝟐𝟐 × 𝟗𝟗. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 × 𝟎𝟎. 𝟔𝟔

𝟑𝟑
𝑸𝑸𝟏𝟏 − 𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐 + 𝑸𝑸𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝒎
= 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 �𝒔𝒔

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Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
 Plot between Q1-(Q2+Q3) and P

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Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
Pipe Network

Conditions:

1. Flow into any junction = Flow out of the

junction
2. Darcy’s Weisbach equation must be
satisfied for each pipe.
3. Sum of 𝒉𝒉𝑳𝑳 around any closed circuit=0,
When discharge is correct
4. 𝒉𝒉𝑳𝑳 from 𝑩𝑩 → 𝑪𝑪 =Sum of 𝒉𝒉𝑳𝑳 along BG, GD
and DC

Darcy’s equation 𝒉𝒉𝒇𝒇 = 𝒓𝒓𝑸𝑸𝒏𝒏

r = Constant for same L, D, f and minor losses are neglected. 8
Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
Problem Solving procedure:
• Assume reasonable distribution of flow such that it satisfy continuity equation at each
junction.
• Compute hL in each pipe
• Compute total hL around a certain loop (=0 for correct distribution), Clockwise = +ve, Counter
clockwise = -ve.
• Adjust the flow in each loop by corrective ΔQ to balance hL i.e to obtain ∑ 𝒓𝒓𝑸𝑸𝒏𝒏 = 𝟎𝟎

𝑸𝑸 = 𝑸𝑸𝟎𝟎 + ∆𝑸𝑸
𝒉𝒉𝒇𝒇 = 𝒓𝒓𝑸𝑸𝒏𝒏 = 𝒓𝒓 𝑸𝑸𝟎𝟎 + ∆𝑸𝑸 𝒏𝒏
Since ΔQ is small, higher poweres can be neglected.

= 𝒓𝒓 𝑸𝑸𝟎𝟎 𝒏𝒏 + 𝒏𝒏𝑸𝑸𝟎𝟎 𝒏𝒏−𝟏𝟏 ∆𝑸𝑸 + ⋯ If ΔQ is right correction, then ∑𝒉𝒉𝒇𝒇 = 𝟎𝟎

� 𝒉𝒉𝒇𝒇 = ∑𝒓𝒓𝑸𝑸𝒏𝒏 = ∑𝒓𝒓𝑸𝑸𝟎𝟎 𝒏𝒏 + ∆𝑸𝑸∑𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝑸𝑸𝟎𝟎 𝒏𝒏−𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎𝟎

− ∑ 𝒓𝒓 𝑸𝑸𝟎𝟎 𝒏𝒏
∴ ∆𝑸𝑸 = 9
Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL ∑ 𝒓𝒓 𝒏𝒏𝑸𝑸𝒏𝒏−𝟏𝟏
𝟎𝟎
Example-1:
Determine distribution of Q in pipe
network.
Assume 𝒉𝒉𝒇𝒇 = 𝒓𝒓𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐

Assume suitable distribution,

clockwise= +ve, anticlockwise= -ve.

∑𝒓𝒓𝑸𝑸𝟎𝟎 𝒏𝒏 =algebraic sum of 𝒉𝒉𝑳𝑳 with due regards to signs

∑𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝑸𝑸𝟎𝟎 𝒏𝒏−𝟏𝟏 =arithmetic sum without reference to sign

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Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
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Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
At loop 1

Sign ∆𝑸𝑸 = +𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗 ⇒ Hence

clockwise in loop 1

And ∆𝑸𝑸 for 2nd loop =

𝟎𝟎 ⇒From loop 1 deduct one
unit discharge from pipes with
− 𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗 direction of flow and add
one unit of Q in pipes with the
direction of flow.

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Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL