Dr.

Ratnakar Swain
(M. Tech. & Ph.D., IIT KGP)
Asst. Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
NIT Rourkela
CONTINUES
Calculation of 𝒚𝒚𝒄𝒄 T

Rectangular section
𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐 𝑨𝑨𝟑𝟑 𝒄𝒄 y
=
𝒈𝒈 𝑻𝑻𝒄𝒄

𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐 𝑩𝑩𝟑𝟑 𝒚𝒚𝟑𝟑𝒄𝒄 B

= = 𝑩𝑩𝟐𝟐 𝒚𝒚𝟑𝟑𝒄𝒄
𝒈𝒈 𝑩𝑩 T = B,
A = By
𝑸𝑸 𝟐𝟐 𝒒𝒒 𝟐𝟐
Let q = Q/B= discharge
𝒚𝒚𝟑𝟑𝒄𝒄 = 𝟐𝟐 = per unit width
𝑩𝑩 𝒈𝒈 𝒈𝒈
𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐
𝑬𝑬𝒄𝒄 = 𝒚𝒚𝒄𝒄 +
𝟏𝟏/𝟑𝟑 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐
𝒒𝒒𝟐𝟐 𝒒𝒒𝟐𝟐
𝒚𝒚𝒄𝒄 = = 𝒚𝒚𝒄𝒄 +
𝒈𝒈 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐𝒄𝒄 𝑬𝑬𝒄𝒄 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓𝒚𝒚𝒄𝒄
𝟑𝟑𝒚𝒚𝒄𝒄
=
Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
𝟐𝟐 3
Triangular section: 𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐 𝑨𝑨𝟑𝟑𝒄𝒄
=
𝒈𝒈 𝑻𝑻𝒄𝒄
𝟑𝟑
𝟏𝟏
𝑸𝑸 𝟐𝟐 × 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝟑𝟑 𝒚𝒚𝟔𝟔𝒄𝒄 𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐 𝒚𝒚𝟓𝟓𝒄𝒄
⇒ = 𝟐𝟐 = =
𝒈𝒈 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝒚𝒚𝒄𝒄 𝟐𝟐

𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐 𝒚𝒚𝟓𝟓𝒄𝒄 𝟏𝟏/𝟓𝟓

⇒ = 𝟐𝟐𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐
𝒈𝒈 𝟐𝟐 ⇒ 𝒚𝒚𝒄𝒄 =
𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝟐𝟐
𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐
𝑬𝑬𝒄𝒄 = 𝒚𝒚𝒄𝒄 + 2my
𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐𝒄𝒄

𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐 𝒚𝒚𝟓𝟓𝒄𝒄 1 y
= 𝒚𝒚𝒄𝒄 +
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝒚𝒚𝟒𝟒𝒄𝒄 m

= 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒚𝒚𝒄𝒄 𝑬𝑬𝒄𝒄 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒚𝒚𝒄𝒄

Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL 4

 Example: Calculate bottom width of a channel to carry a discharge of 15m3/s a critical flow at a depth of
1.2m. If the channel section is
(a) Rectangular
(b) Trapezoidal with side slope of 1.5 horizontal : 1 vertical
𝟏𝟏/𝟑𝟑
𝒒𝒒𝟐𝟐
Solution: (a) 𝒚𝒚𝒄𝒄 = 𝒈𝒈
⇒ 𝒒𝒒 = 𝒈𝒈𝒚𝒚𝟑𝟑𝒄𝒄 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖(𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐)𝟑𝟑 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 m3/s/m
B = Q/q=15/4.117 = 3643m.

𝑨𝑨𝒄𝒄 = (B + my)y
𝒃𝒃 𝑨𝑨𝒄𝒄 = (B + 1.5 x 1.2)x 1.2 = (B + 1.8)x 1.2
𝑻𝑻𝒄𝒄 = (B + 2my)
𝑻𝑻𝒄𝒄 = (B + 2 x1.5 x 1.2) = B + 3.6
𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐 𝑨𝑨𝟑𝟑𝒄𝒄
=
𝒈𝒈 𝑻𝑻𝒄𝒄
(𝑩𝑩 + 𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟖)𝟑𝟑 (𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐)𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟐
⇒ =
𝑩𝑩 + 𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟔 𝟗𝟗. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
𝑩𝑩 + 𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟖 𝟑𝟑
⇒ = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝑩𝑩 + 𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟔
By trial and error B = 2.535m
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Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
TRANSITION IN CHANNEL

• Channel with Hump

a.When flow subcritical
b.When flow is supercritical

• Width Contraction
a.When flow subcritical
b.When flow is supercritical

Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL 6

Channel with Hump When flow is subcritical flow
𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏
𝑬𝑬𝟏𝟏 = 𝒚𝒚𝟏𝟏 +
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐
𝑬𝑬𝟐𝟐 = 𝑬𝑬𝟏𝟏 − ∆𝒁𝒁 = 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 + = 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 +
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝑩𝑩𝟐𝟐 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐

• As ∆𝒁𝒁 increases, 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 decreases.

𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 = Minimum at critical depth point

• At (𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 )𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 , ∆𝒁𝒁 =(∆𝒁𝒁)𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐
𝑬𝑬𝟐𝟐 = 𝑬𝑬𝒄𝒄 or 𝑬𝑬𝒄𝒄 = 𝒚𝒚𝒄𝒄 +
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝑩𝑩𝟐𝟐 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐𝒄𝒄
• If ∆𝒁𝒁 >(∆𝒁𝒁)𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
Flow is not possible
u/s depth (𝒚𝒚𝟏𝟏 ) has to be increased to cause the flow.
Let increased depth = 𝒚𝒚′𝟏𝟏
𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐
(𝑬𝑬𝒄𝒄 )𝟐𝟐 + ∆𝒁𝒁 = 𝑬𝑬′𝟏𝟏 = 𝒚𝒚′𝟏𝟏 + (𝑬𝑬′𝟏𝟏 > 𝑬𝑬𝟏𝟏 , 𝒚𝒚′𝟏𝟏 >𝒚𝒚𝟏𝟏 )
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝑩𝑩𝟐𝟐 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏
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Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
Channel with Hump When flow is supercritical flow

• 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 increased due to reduction in specific energy.

 Up to 𝒚𝒚𝒄𝒄 , 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 increases at ∆𝒁𝒁 =(∆𝒁𝒁)𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

 For ∆𝒁𝒁 >(∆𝒁𝒁)𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 , Flow is not possible

𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 = 𝒚𝒚𝒄𝒄 remains constant

To cause the flow, u/s depth 𝒚𝒚𝟏𝟏 will change, it will decreases to have a higher specific energy

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Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL