Dr.

Ratnakar Swain
(M. Tech. & Ph.D., IIT KGP)
Asst. Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
NIT Rourkela
CONTINUES
GVF FLOW PROFILE CLASSIFICATION
y0=Depth in uniform flow (Normal Depth) yc=Critical flow depth

1. When y0 > yc → mild slope (M) → Flow is subcritical

2. When y0 < yc → steep slope (S) → Flow is supercritical

3. When y0 = yc → critical slope (C) → Flow is critical

4. When S0 = 0 → horizontal bed (H) → Cannot sustain uniform flow

5. When S0 <0 → adverse slope (A) → Cannot sustain uniform flow

Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL 3

Classification of each slope into regions

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Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
1. Steep slope (S) profile:

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Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
S1 Flow Profile

𝟏𝟏
𝒗𝒗 ∝ ∝ 𝑺𝑺𝟏𝟏/𝟐𝟐
𝑨𝑨

Example: when the flow from a steep

channel is meet a reservoir made by
an obstruction, such as a weir or dam
𝑸𝑸 𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐/𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟏/𝟐𝟐
𝒗𝒗 = = 𝑹𝑹 𝑺𝑺𝒆𝒆
𝑨𝑨 𝒏𝒏
𝑸𝑸 𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐/𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟏/𝟐𝟐
𝒗𝒗𝟎𝟎 = = 𝑹𝑹 𝑺𝑺𝟎𝟎
𝑨𝑨 𝒏𝒏
𝟏𝟏
𝒗𝒗 ∝ ∝ 𝑺𝑺𝟏𝟏/𝟐𝟐 6
Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
𝑨𝑨
S2 Flow Profile

𝟏𝟏
𝒗𝒗 ∝ ∝ 𝑺𝑺𝟏𝟏/𝟐𝟐
𝑨𝑨

Example:
at the entrance region of a
steep channel leading from
a reservoir.

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Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
S3 Flow Profile

Example:
• Free flow from a sluice gate
with a steep slope on its
downstream.

• when a flow exists from a

steeper slope to a less steep
slope
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Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
3. Critical Slope (C) profile:

NDL=CDL, So there is no region-2 (C2).

C1 Both C1 and C3 flow are rare and highly unstable.

C3

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Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
Horizontal (H) Flow
Profile

Uniform flow not

possible, So there is no
NDL and hence region-1
(H1) doesn’t exist.

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Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
H2 Flow Profile

Example:
• Flow from below sluice
gate to a horizontal bed

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Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
H3 Flow Profile

Example:
• Flow from below sluice
gate to a horizontal bed

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Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
Adverse (A) Flow Profile

Uniform flow not possible, So

there is no NDL and hence
region-1 (A1) doesn’t exist.

• A2 and A3 curves are similar to H2 and H3 curves.

• A-profile curve is very rare and occur for very short length.

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Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
Problem-1: A rectangular channel with a bottom width of 4.0 m and a bottom slope of 0.0008 has
a discharge of 1.50 m3 /sec. In a gradually varied flow in this channel, the depth at a certain
location is found to be 0.30 m. assuming n = 0.016, determine the type of GVF profile.

Solution:
a) Calculation of normal depth (y0)

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Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
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Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL