Dr.

Ratnakar Swain
(M. Tech. & Ph.D., IIT KGP)
Asst. Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
NIT Rourkela
 FLOW THROUGH PIPES
• The flow in pipe is called pipe flow when fluid is completely fills the cross-
section without free surface of fluid.
• Flow occur due to pressure.
• If pipe running partially full, it is called open channel flow.

3
Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
Laminar and Turbulent flows in pipes

• When the fluid is moving slowest, get a well-defined streak-line. This flow
situation is called laminar flow.

Reynolds Experiment

• When the fluid is moving faster, get an

irregular streak-line which blurs and
spreads the dye out. The streak-line also
fluctuates randomly with time. This is
called turbulent flow

4
Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
Comparison

5
Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
Comparison

6
Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
Flow Patterns and velocity profile

Parabolic profile

Logarithmic
profile

7
Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
Smooth and rough boundary

When the average depth k of the surface
irregularities is less than laminar sub-layer of the
surface δ is called as hydrodynamically smooth
boundary.
Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
When the average depth k of the surface
irregularities is greater than laminar sub-
layer of surface δ is called as hydrodynamic
ally rough boundary.
8
Classification of smooth and rough boundary
By Nikuradse’s experiments:
𝒌𝒌
< 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 ⇒ 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃
𝜹𝜹
𝒌𝒌
> 𝟔𝟔 ⇒ 𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃
𝜹𝜹
𝒌𝒌
𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 < < 𝟔𝟔 ⇒ 𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃
𝜹𝜹
In terms of roughness Reynold’s number (Rr)
𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗 𝒖𝒖𝒔𝒔 𝒌𝒌
𝒖𝒖𝒔𝒔 𝒌𝒌 𝑹𝑹 = 𝑹𝑹𝒓𝒓 =
< 𝟒𝟒 ⇒ 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 𝝂𝝂 𝝂𝝂
𝝂𝝂 𝒖𝒖𝒔𝒔 = 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗 = 𝝉𝝉𝟎𝟎 /𝝆𝝆 = 𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝑺𝑺𝟎𝟎
𝒖𝒖𝒔𝒔 𝒌𝒌
> 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 ⇒ 𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃
𝝂𝝂
𝝂𝝂 = 𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲 𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗
𝒖𝒖𝒔𝒔 𝒌𝒌
𝟒𝟒 < < 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 ⇒ 𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 𝝉𝝉𝟎𝟎 = 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔
𝝂𝝂
9
Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL