Lecture for Quiz 3

Open Channel Flow

• Open Channel Flow is defined as fluid flow with a free surface open to the
atmosphere. Examples include streams, rivers and culverts not flowing full.
Open channel flow assumes that the pressure at the surface is constant
and the hydraulic grade line is at the surface of the fluid.
• Steady and unsteady flow depend on whether flow depth and velocity
change with time at a point. In general if the quantity of water entering
and leaving the reach does not change, then the flow is considered steady.
• Steady flow in a channel can be either Uniform or Non-uniform
(varied).When the average velocities in successive cross sections of a
channel are the same, the flow is uniform. This occurs only when the cross
section is constant. Non-uniform flow results from gradual or sudden
changes in the cross sectional area.
• Uniform flow and varied flow describe the changes in depth and velocity
with respect to distance. If the water surface is parallel to the channel
bottom flow is uniform and the water surface is at normal depth. Varied
flow or non-uniform flow occurs when depth or velocity change over a
distance, like in a constriction or over a riffle. Gradually varied flow occurs
when the change is small, and rapidly varied flow occurs when the change
is large, for example a wave, waterfall, or the rapid transition from a
stream channel into the inlet of a culvert.
v 2 A
Q Av1v 1  A 2 v 2
d
2g
Uniform flow vs Varied flow
Velocity of Flow Computation
Chezy’s Equation 𝑽 = 𝑪𝑹𝑺
Velocity of Flow Computation
• Manning’s Formula
 Boundary Shear Stress
𝝉 = 𝜸𝑹𝑺
Common Channel Sections Used
• Rectangle
Common Channel Sections Used
• Triangle
Common Channel Sections Used
• Trapezoidal
Common Channel Sections Used
• Circle
Specific Energy

𝒗𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟏
𝑬= + + 𝒛𝟏
𝟐𝒈 𝜸𝑳
Froude Number
FROUDE NUMBER – ratio of inertia forces to gravity forces
Sample Problem
• A circular channel having a diameter of 2m has a roughness
coefficient of 0.012. The channel laid on a slope of 0.00122 carries
water at a depth of 0.70 the diameter D. Calculate the discharge in
the channel.
Sample Problem
Sample Problem
• Water flows in the symmetrical trapezoidal channel lined with asphalt
as shown in the figure with n = 0.015. the channel bottom drops 0.1 ft
vertically for every 100 ft of length. What are the water velocity and
flow rate?
Sample Problem
• Water is moving at a speed of 4 m/s in a very wide horizontal channel
at a depth of 1m. If n=0.025 for earth in good condition at what
distance L downstream will the depth be increased to 1.1 m? So =
0.001
Sample Problem
• In a rectangular channel 12.5 m wide, having a bed slope of 0.0007,
water flows at a uniform depth of 1m. The value of n=0.02. Assuming
that the partial closure of a gate near the exit end of the channel,
raises the level at that point by 0.5, how far the upstream will it be to
where the depth is 1.35m?
WEIR CLASSIFICATIONS
ACCORDING TO SHAPE

RECTANGULAR WEIR

TRIANGULAR WEIR

TRAPEZOIDAL WEIR

CIRCULAR WEIR

PARABOLIC WEIR
WEIR CLASSIFICATIONS
ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF CREST

SHARP CRESTED WEIR

BROAD CRESTED WEIR

 WEIR CLASSIFICATIONS
ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF END
OF CONSTRACTION

UNCONTRACTED WEIR

CONTRACTED WEIR
SHARP-CRESTED WEIRS
RECTANGULAR WEIR
SUPPRESSED WEIR
𝟐 𝟐𝒈 𝟑
𝑸𝑻 = 𝑳𝑯𝟐
𝟑
𝑸𝑨 = 𝑪𝑸𝑻
𝟐
𝑪′ = 𝑪 𝟐𝒈
𝟑
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝐶 ′ = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑟
𝐶 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
SHARP-CRESTED WEIRS
RECTANGULAR WEIR
CONTRACTED WEIR
𝟐 𝟐𝒈 𝟑
𝑸𝑻 = 𝑳′𝑯𝟐
𝟑
′
𝒏
𝑳 =𝑳 − 𝑯
𝟏𝟎
𝑸𝑨 = 𝑪𝑸𝑻

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝟐
𝑪′ = 𝑪 𝟐𝒈
𝐶 ′ = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝟑
𝐶 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
𝐿′ = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑛 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
SHARP-CRESTED WEIRS
RECTANGULAR WEIR
FRANCIS FORMULA

SUPPRESSED WEIR CONTRACTED WEIR

𝟑 𝒎𝟑 𝟑 𝒎𝟑
( ) 𝑸𝑨 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟒𝑳′𝑯𝟐 ( )
𝑸𝑨 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟒𝑳𝑯𝟐 𝒔 𝒔
𝟑 𝟑 𝒇𝒕𝟑
𝒇𝒕𝟑
𝑸𝑨 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝑳𝑯𝟐 ( ) 𝑸𝑨 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝑳′𝑯𝟐 ( )
𝒔
𝒔

Cd = 0.611 + 0.075(H/P)
SHARP-CRESTED WEIRS
TRIANGULAR WEIR (V-NOTCH)

𝟒 𝟐𝒈 𝟑
𝑸𝑻 = 𝑳𝑯𝟐
𝟏𝟓
𝟖 𝜽 𝟑
𝑸𝑻 = 𝟐𝒈 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑯𝟐
𝟏𝟓 𝟐

𝑸𝑨 = 𝑪𝑸𝑻
𝟒
𝑪′
= 𝑪 𝟐𝒈
𝟏𝟓
or
′
𝟖 𝜃
𝑪 = 𝑪 𝟐𝒈 tan
𝟏𝟓 2
SHARP-CRESTED WEIRS
TRIANGULAR WEIR (V-NOTCH)
V-NOTCH 90O

𝑸𝑨 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟖𝑯𝟓/𝟐

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶 = 0.6
SHARP-CRESTED WEIRS
TRAPEZOIDAL WEIR

𝑸𝑨(𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒑) = 𝑸𝑨(𝒕𝒓𝒊) + 𝑸𝑨(𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕)

𝟖 𝟐𝒈 𝜃 𝟐 𝟐𝒈 𝟑
𝑸𝑨 = 𝑪 tan + 𝑪𝑳𝑯𝟐
𝟏𝟓 2 𝟑
SHARP-CRESTED WEIRS
TRAPEZOIDAL WEIR
CIPPOLETTI WEIR

𝜽 𝟏
𝒕𝒂𝒏 =
𝟐 𝟒
𝟑 𝑚3
𝑸𝑨 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟓𝟗𝑳𝑯𝟐 ( )
𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝟑 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑸𝑨 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟔𝟕𝑯𝟐 ( )
𝑠𝑒𝑐
BROAD-CRESTED WEIRS
SQUARE UPSTREAM CORNER

𝒃
<𝟐 𝑪 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟐
𝟑 𝑯
𝑸𝑨 = 𝑪𝑳𝑯𝟐 𝒃
𝟐< <𝟓 𝑪 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟗
𝑯
BROAD-CRESTED WEIRS
ROUNDED UPSTREAM CORNER

𝟑
𝑸𝑨 = 𝑪𝑳𝑯𝟐
𝑪 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟏
Sample Problem
• A sharp-crested, contracted, rectangular weir is to carry water at a
flow rate of 12.75 cfs. What must the weir width be in order for the
head of flow to be 1.50 ft?
Sample Problem
• Water flows over a Cipolletti weir 8ft long under a head of 1.2ft. What
is the flow rate of water over the weir?
Sample Problem

• A Sharp-crested, triangular weir with an angle of 60 deg

carries water under a head of 1.23 ft. Determine the flow
rate of water over the weir.
Sample Problem

• A contracted weir is to be built in a rectangular channel

3m wide, discharging a quantity of 225 liters/sec. what
length and crest height should the weir have in order that
the head shall not exceed 200mm or the water depth
behind the weir 900mm. Use Francis Formula
Sample Problem
• A triangular weir has one side sloping 45deg and the other at “x”
horizontal to 1 vertical. Assuming coefficient of discharge to be 0.6.
What value of x should give a discharge of 280 liters/sec under a head
of 300 mm?