Unit 4: Lecture 3- Heat Transfer: Convection

Dr. Vaibhav S. Kathavate

Assistant Professor (Adjunct),
Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering,
COEP Technological University,
(Formerly College of Engineering Pune),
Shivajinagar, Pune 411 005,
Maharashtra, India.
Dimensionless Numbers used in Analysis of Heat Transfer Problems via Convection….

Dimensionless No. Relation Formula

𝑰𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝝆𝑽𝒅 (𝒐𝒓 𝑳)
Reynold’s Number 𝑹𝒆 =
𝑽𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝝁
𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒖𝒎 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝝁𝑪𝒑 𝝑
Prandtl’s Number 𝑷𝒓 = =
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒌 𝜶
𝒉𝑳
Nusselt’s Number 𝑪𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊. × 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊 𝑵𝒖 =
𝒌
𝒉𝑳
Biot’s Number 𝑪𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊. × 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊 𝑩𝒊 =
𝒌
𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝜶𝒕
Fourier’s Number 𝑭𝒐 =
𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑳𝟐
𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒅𝒖𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇. 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑. 𝒈𝜷(𝑻𝒔 − 𝑻∞ )𝑳𝟑
Grashof's Number 𝑮𝒓 =
𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝝑𝟐

2
Convective Heat Transfer in a Flow Over a Flat Plate….

• The problems related to heat transfer via convection in a fluid over a flat plate can be solved by
applying the principles of conservation of mass, momentum, and energy (either approximately,
numerically and experimentally).
• The properties of the fluid are usually evaluated at the film temperature defined as;
𝑻𝒔 + 𝑻∞
𝑻𝒇 =
𝟐
𝒉𝑳
• While, Nusselt number can be expressed; 𝑵𝒖 = = 𝑪(𝑹𝒆𝒎 𝒏
𝑳 )(𝑷𝒓 )
𝒌

𝒉𝑳 𝟏/𝟐
• For laminar flow: 𝑵𝒖 = = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟐 (𝑹𝒆𝑳 )(𝑷𝒓𝟏/𝟑 )
𝒌

𝒉𝑳 𝟒/𝟓
• For turbulent flow: 𝑵𝒖 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟗𝟔 (𝑹𝒆𝑳 )(𝑷𝒓𝟏/𝟑 )
𝒌

𝟒
𝒉𝑳
• For mixed (L+T) flow: 𝑵𝒖 = = (𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟕𝑹𝒆𝑳 − 𝟖𝟕𝟏)(𝑷𝒓𝟏/𝟑 )
𝟓
𝒌
3
Convective Heat Transfer in a Flow Over a Flat Plate….

• Air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of 𝟏𝟎𝟎°𝑪 flows at 𝟑 𝒎/𝒔 over a plate (𝟏𝟖𝟎°𝑪) of 𝟐 𝒎 long
(out of which 𝟎. 𝟓 𝒎 long is a unheated starting length). Determine the local heat transfer coefficient (a) at
the trailing edge with unheated starting length and (b) at the trailing edge without unheated starting length.

• Assume the following properties of the air and following criteria for determining the flow;
𝒌𝒈
• 𝝆 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟐 𝒎𝟑
𝑾
• 𝒌 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟗𝟗𝟐 𝒎∙𝑲

• 𝑷𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟕
𝒌𝒈
• 𝝁 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟔𝟓𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓
𝒎∙𝒔

• 𝑹𝒆𝒄 = 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓
−𝟏/𝟑
𝟏/𝟐 𝟏/𝟑 𝒙𝟎 𝟑/𝟒
• For laminar flow, the variation in 𝑁𝑢 as a function of distance; 𝑵𝒖 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟐 𝑹𝒆 𝑷𝒓 𝟏− 𝒙

4
Convective Heat Transfer in a Flow Over a Flat Plate….

𝝆𝑽𝒅 (𝒐𝒓 𝑳) 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟐 × 𝟑 × 𝟐

100℃ 3 𝑚/𝑠 𝑹𝒆 = = −𝟓
= 𝟐. 𝟗𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓
𝝁 𝟐. 𝟎𝟔𝟓𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎

𝑈𝐻 180℃ 𝐻
• The 𝑹𝒆 = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 is less than the critical 𝑹𝒆𝒄 = 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 .
0.5 𝑚 2 𝑚1.5 𝑚 Therefore, we can assume that the flow is still laminar.

Case (i): With unheated region

𝒉𝑳 𝒙𝟎 𝟑/𝟒 −𝟏/𝟑
𝟏/𝟐 𝟏/𝟑
𝑵𝒖 = = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟐 𝑹𝒆 𝑷𝒓 𝟏−
𝒌 𝒙

𝟑/𝟒 −𝟏/𝟑
𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟗𝟗𝟐 𝟏/𝟐 𝟎. 𝟓
𝒉= 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟐 𝟐. 𝟗𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟕 𝟏/𝟑 𝟏−
𝟐 𝟐

𝒉 = 𝟐. 𝟕 𝑾/𝒎𝟐 ∙ 𝑲 5
Convective Heat Transfer in a Flow Over a Flat Plate….

𝝆𝑽𝒅 (𝒐𝒓 𝑳) 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟐 × 𝟑 × 𝟐

100℃ 3 𝑚/𝑠 𝑹𝒆 = = −𝟓
= 𝟐. 𝟗𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓
𝝁 𝟐. 𝟎𝟔𝟓𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎

𝑈𝐻 𝐻
• The 𝑹𝒆 = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 is less than the critical 𝑹𝒆𝒄 = 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 .
0.5 𝑚 1.5 𝑚 Therefore, we can assume that the flow is still laminar.

Case (i): Without unheated region

𝒉𝑳 𝟏/𝟐 𝟏/𝟑 If you neglect the unheated region, then the total length
𝑵𝒖 = = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟐 𝑹𝒆 𝑷𝒓
𝒌 of the plate will be 𝟏. 𝟓 𝒎

𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟗𝟗𝟐 𝟏/𝟐
𝒉= 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟐 𝟐. 𝟗𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟕 𝟏/𝟑
𝟏. 𝟓

𝒉 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟔 𝑾/𝒎𝟐 ∙ 𝑲 6
Convective Heat Transfer in a Flow Over a Flat Plate….

• In an quenching operation, a 𝟏 𝒎 wide flat pate having temperature 𝟏𝟏𝟎°𝑪 is immersed in an air
bath that has the temperature of 𝟐𝟎°𝑪 and a velocity of 𝟑 𝒎/𝒔 . Calculate the following
parameters related to convection;

• Critical length of the plate

• Thickness of MBL (𝜹) and TBL (𝜹𝒕 )

• Local convective heat transfer coefficient

• Heat transfer from the plate to air bath via convection

𝟓
• Assume (i) MBL (𝜹) as a function of (𝑹𝒆) and varies according to the relation 𝒙𝒄𝒓
𝑹𝒆𝒄𝒓

𝟏
• (ii) TBL (𝜹𝒕 ) as a function of 𝑷𝒓 and varies according to 𝜹
𝟏.𝟎𝟐𝟓 𝑷𝒓 𝟏/𝟑
7
Convective Heat Transfer in a Flow Over a Flat Plate….

• Assume the following properties of the air and following criteria for determining the flow;

𝒌𝒈
• 𝝆 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟗
𝒎𝟑

𝑾
• 𝒌 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟕
𝒎∙𝑲

• 𝑷𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟏

𝒌𝒈
• 𝝁 = 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓
𝒎∙𝒔

• 𝑹𝒆𝒄 = 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓

8
Convective Heat Transfer in a Flow Over a Flat Plate….

𝝆𝑽𝒅𝒄𝒓 (𝒐𝒓 𝑳𝒄𝒓) 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟗 × 𝟑 × 𝒙𝒄

20℃ 3 𝑚/𝑠 𝑹𝒆𝒄𝒓 = = −𝟓
= 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓
𝝁 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎

110℃ 𝒙𝒄 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟏 𝒎

𝑥𝑐 𝑚
𝟓 𝟓
𝜹= 𝒙𝒄𝒓 = 𝒙𝒄𝒓 𝜹 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟒 𝒎
𝑹𝒆𝒄𝒓 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓

𝟏 𝟓
𝜹𝒕 = 𝟏/𝟑
𝜹= 𝟏/𝟑
𝜹 𝜹𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓𝟔 𝒎
𝟏. 𝟎𝟐𝟓 𝑷𝒓 𝟏. 𝟎𝟐𝟓 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟏

𝒉𝒙𝒄𝒓 𝟏/𝟐 𝟏/𝟑

𝑵𝒖 = = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟐 𝑹𝒆 𝑷𝒓
𝒌

𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟕 𝟏/𝟐
𝒉= × 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟐 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟏 𝟏/𝟑
𝒉 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟏 𝑾/𝒎𝟐 ∙ 𝑲
𝒙𝒄𝒓 9
Convective Heat Transfer in a Flow Over a Flat Plate….

𝒒 = 𝒉𝑨(𝑻𝒔 − 𝑻∞ ) = 𝒉 × 𝒙𝒄 × 𝒘 × (𝟑𝟖𝟑 − 𝟐𝟗𝟑)

20℃ 3 𝑚/𝑠

𝒒 = 𝒉𝑨(𝑻𝒔 − 𝑻∞ ) = 𝒉 × 𝒙𝒄 × 𝟏 × (𝟑𝟖𝟑 − 𝟐𝟗𝟑)

110℃

𝑥𝑐 𝑚 𝒒 = 𝟓𝟑𝟔 𝑾

10
Convective Heat Transfer in Cylinder or Sphere….

𝟏/𝟐 𝟏/𝟑 𝟓/𝟖 𝟒/𝟓

𝒉𝑫 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐 𝑹𝒆 𝑷𝒓 𝑹𝒆
𝑵𝒖𝒄𝒚𝒍 = = 𝟎. 𝟑 + 𝟏+ Churchill and Bernstein
𝒌 𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟒𝑷𝒓 𝟐/𝟑 𝟏/𝟒 𝟐𝟖𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝟏/𝟒
𝒉𝑫 𝟏/𝟐 𝟏/𝟑 𝟎.𝟒
𝝁∞
𝑵𝒖𝒔𝒑𝒉 = = 𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟒 𝑹𝒆 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔 𝑹𝒆 𝑷𝒓 Whitaker
𝒌 𝝁𝒔

The above formulae are valid only if 𝟑. 𝟓 < 𝑹𝒆 < 𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 and 𝟎. 𝟕 < 𝑷𝒓 < 𝟑𝟖𝟎

11
Convective Heat Transfer in Cylinder or Sphere….

• A decorative film on a copper sphere of 𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝒎 diameter is cured in an heating bath at 𝟏𝟎𝟎°𝑪.

The copper sphere is subjected to quenching in an air bath at a temperature of 𝟐𝟎°𝑪 and a
velocity of 𝟏𝟎 𝒎/𝒔. Estimate how long it will take to cool the sphere to 𝟒𝟎°𝑪.

• Assume the following properties of the air and heat transfer through conduction and convection;

Copper Air

𝒌𝒈 𝑷𝒂
• 𝝆 = 𝟖𝟗𝟑𝟑 • 𝝁∞ = 𝟏𝟖𝟏. 𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕
𝒎𝟑 𝒔

• 𝑪𝒑 = 𝟑𝟖𝟕 𝑱/𝒌𝒈 ∙ 𝑲 • 𝝁𝒔 = 𝟏𝟗𝟕. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕

𝑷𝒂
𝒔

𝒎𝟐
• 𝝑 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟑𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔
𝒔

𝑾
• 𝒌 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓𝟖
𝒎∙𝑲

• 𝑷𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟗
12
Convective Heat Transfer in a Flow Over a Flat Plate….

𝑽𝑳 𝟏𝟎 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐
𝑹𝒆 = = = 𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟐𝟎
𝝑 𝟏𝟓. 𝟑𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔

As 𝑹𝒆 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟐𝟎 which less than 𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎, we can use Whitaker’s

relation to calculate the "𝒉“.

𝟏/𝟒
𝒉𝑫 𝟏/𝟐 𝟏/𝟑 𝟎.𝟒
𝝁∞
𝑵𝒖𝒔𝒑𝒉 = = 𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟒 𝑹𝒆 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔 𝑹𝒆 𝑷𝒓
𝒌 𝝁𝒔

𝟏/𝟒
𝟏𝟖𝟏. 𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕
𝑵𝒖𝒔𝒑𝒉 = 𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟒 𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟐𝟎 𝟏/𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔 𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟐𝟎 𝟏/𝟑 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟗 𝟎.𝟒 𝑵𝒖𝒔𝒑𝒉 = 𝟒𝟏. 𝟕𝟕
𝟏𝟗𝟏. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕

𝒌 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓𝟖
𝒉= × 𝑵𝒖𝒔𝒑𝒉 = × 𝑵𝒖𝒔𝒑𝒉 𝒉 = 𝟓𝟑. 𝟖𝟖 𝑾/𝒎𝟐 ∙ 𝑲
𝑫 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐
13
Convective Heat Transfer in a Flow Over a Flat Plate….

From the transient heat conduction, we have;

𝑻 − 𝑻∞ 𝒉𝑨
=𝒆 𝝆𝑽𝒄 𝒕
𝑻𝒊 − 𝑻∞

𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝑻∞ 𝒉𝑨 𝝆𝑽𝒄 𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝑻∞

𝒍𝒏 = 𝒕 𝒕 = 𝒍𝒏
𝑻𝒊 − 𝑻∞ 𝝆𝑽𝒄 𝒉𝑨 𝑻𝒊 − 𝑻∞

𝝆𝑫𝒄 𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝑻∞ 𝟖𝟗𝟑𝟑 × 𝟑𝟖𝟕 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎

𝒕 = 𝒍𝒏 𝒕 = 𝒍𝒏
𝟔𝒉 𝑻𝒊 − 𝑻∞ 𝟔𝒉 𝟒𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎

𝒕 = 𝟐𝟗𝟐. 𝟏 𝒔

14