• Heat is transferred from a source to a receiver

in three distinct ways: conduction,

convection, and radiation
HEAT TRANSFER
FUNDAMENTALS • Most engineering applications involve
identifying one or two dominant modes and
applying simplifying assumptions in order to
solve the problem at hand
 CONDUCTION
Transfer of heat between substances that are in direct contact with each
other
       
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐽𝐽
𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑆𝑆 𝑊𝑊
•        = =
𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑚𝑚2 𝑚𝑚2

𝑞𝑞 ′′ ~ − 𝛻𝛻𝑇𝑇
′′
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑞𝑞𝑥𝑥 ~ −
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 The heaters provide a constant 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑥𝑥 . Once the system
𝑇𝑇
𝑇𝑇0
reaches steady state, temperature within the material is
measured. 𝑇𝑇 varies linearly with 𝑥𝑥 and the slope is 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑/𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑋𝑋 𝑞𝑞𝑥𝑥′′ = −C ; 𝐶𝐶: 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑇𝑇1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
𝑋𝑋 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 Fourier’s law
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐿𝐿 inlet 𝑞𝑞𝑥𝑥′′ = −𝑘𝑘 ; k: 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐹𝐹 ∗ 𝐿𝐿 BTU W
𝑘𝑘 ≡ ≡ ≡
= ∆𝑋𝑋 𝑇𝑇 ∗ 𝐿𝐿 ∗ 𝑡𝑡 hr ft °R mK
Figure 1: Planar wall in contact 𝑞𝑞𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑞𝑞𝑥𝑥′′ = = −𝑘𝑘
with a heat source and a heat sink 𝐴𝐴 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY
 𝑥𝑥2 𝑇𝑇2
𝑞𝑞𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Heat Flux, 𝑞𝑞𝑥𝑥′′ = = −k , then 𝑞𝑞𝑥𝑥 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −𝑘𝑘𝐴𝐴 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐴𝐴 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥1 𝑇𝑇1
𝑘𝑘𝐴𝐴
𝑞𝑞𝑥𝑥 = − (𝑇𝑇 − 𝑇𝑇1 )
∆𝑥𝑥 2
𝑘𝑘𝐴𝐴 𝑇𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑇1 𝑇𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑇1
𝑞𝑞𝑥𝑥 = − =
𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿
𝑘𝑘𝐴𝐴 𝑅𝑅
𝑇𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑇1
𝑞𝑞𝑥𝑥 =
𝑅𝑅
𝑘𝑘 ℎ𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑅𝑅 is introduced as a resistance through which heat 𝑞𝑞𝑥𝑥 is
𝑅𝑅 ≡ ó transferred under steady conditions due to imposed ∆𝑇𝑇 =
𝑤𝑤 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑇𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑇1 (useful for composite walls)

𝑇𝑇0 −𝑇𝑇3 𝑇𝑇0 −𝑇𝑇1 𝑇𝑇1 −𝑇𝑇2 2−𝑇𝑇3

𝑞𝑞𝑥𝑥 = = = =
𝑅𝑅03 𝑅𝑅01 𝑅𝑅12 𝑅𝑅23



∴ 𝑅𝑅03= 𝑅𝑅01 + 𝑅𝑅12 + 𝑅𝑅23
𝐿𝐿01 𝐿𝐿12 𝐿𝐿23
= + +
𝐴𝐴𝑘𝑘01 𝐴𝐴𝑘𝑘12 𝐴𝐴𝑘𝑘23
      

𝐴𝐴 ≠ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐; 𝐴𝐴 = 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
𝑅𝑅1
𝑇𝑇2
≠ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑅𝑅1
+
𝑅𝑅2
𝑅𝑅2
𝑇𝑇

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑞𝑞𝑟𝑟 = kA(− )
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑟𝑟
𝑞𝑞𝑟𝑟 = 𝑘𝑘2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋(− ) 𝑇𝑇1 𝑇𝑇2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑅𝑅2 𝑇𝑇2
1 𝑑𝑑𝑟𝑟 𝑅𝑅12
− � 𝑞𝑞𝑟𝑟 = � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2𝜋𝜋𝑘𝑘𝐿𝐿 𝑅𝑅1 𝑟𝑟 𝑇𝑇1
𝑞𝑞𝑟𝑟 𝑅𝑅2
− ln = 𝑇𝑇2 − 𝑇𝑇1
2𝜋𝜋𝑘𝑘𝐿𝐿 𝑅𝑅1
𝑞𝑞𝑟𝑟 𝑅𝑅2 𝑇𝑇1 − 𝑇𝑇2 𝑇𝑇1 − 𝑇𝑇2
𝑇𝑇1 − 𝑇𝑇2 = ln 𝑞𝑞𝑟𝑟 = =
2𝜋𝜋𝑘𝑘𝐿𝐿 𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅12 1 𝑅𝑅
ln 𝑅𝑅2
2𝜋𝜋𝑘𝑘𝐿𝐿 1

1 𝑅𝑅𝑗𝑗
𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = ln
2𝜋𝜋𝑘𝑘𝐿𝐿 𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖


𝑇𝑇1 −𝑇𝑇3 𝑇𝑇1 −𝑇𝑇2 𝑇𝑇2 −𝑇𝑇3
𝑞𝑞𝑟𝑟 = = =
𝑅𝑅13 𝑅𝑅12 𝑅𝑅23

∴ 𝑅𝑅13 = 𝑅𝑅12 + 𝑅𝑅23

1 𝑅𝑅2 1 𝑅𝑅3
= ln + ln
2𝜋𝜋𝑘𝑘12 𝐿𝐿 𝑅𝑅1 2𝜋𝜋𝑘𝑘23 𝐿𝐿 𝑅𝑅2

𝑇𝑇1 − 𝑇𝑇3
𝑞𝑞𝑟𝑟 =
1 𝑅𝑅 1 𝑅𝑅
ln 2 + ln 3
2𝜋𝜋𝑘𝑘12 𝐿𝐿 𝑅𝑅1 2𝜋𝜋𝑘𝑘23 𝐿𝐿 𝑅𝑅2
What happens with roughness?
• In an actual engineering application. i.e., a heat exchanger

𝑊𝑊 𝑊𝑊
(𝑘𝑘 = 40 )𝑘𝑘 = 0.035 ).
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚𝐾𝐾
100°𝐶𝐶25°𝐶𝐶.




4-nom sch 40 → 

Nom Diam. OD Schedule ID (mm) Wall thickness

(mm)
4’’ 4.5’’ 40 (standard) 102.3
114.3mm 80 97.18
Increase
120 92.04
160 87.32
xxs 80.06
 102.3
𝑅𝑅1 = = 51.2𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2
114.3 →
𝑅𝑅2 = = 57.2𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2
𝑅𝑅3 = 𝑅𝑅2 + 60𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 117.2𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑇𝑇1 − 𝑇𝑇3 100 − 25 °𝐶𝐶
𝑞𝑞𝑟𝑟 = = 𝑞𝑞𝑟𝑟 = 23 𝑊𝑊/𝑚𝑚
𝑅𝑅13 𝐾𝐾
3,26 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
1 𝑅𝑅2 1 57,2
𝑅𝑅12(𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠) = ln = ln( ) →
2𝜋𝜋𝐾𝐾12 𝐿𝐿 𝑅𝑅1 2𝜋𝜋(40)(1) 51,2
𝐾𝐾
𝑅𝑅12(𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠) = 0.0044 𝑇𝑇1 − 𝑇𝑇2
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
𝑞𝑞𝑟𝑟 =
1 𝑅𝑅3 1 117,2 𝑅𝑅12
𝑅𝑅23(𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘) = ln = ln( )
2𝜋𝜋𝐾𝐾23 𝐿𝐿 𝑅𝑅2 2𝜋𝜋(0,035)(1) 51,2 𝑇𝑇2 = 𝑇𝑇1 − 𝑞𝑞𝑟𝑟 𝑅𝑅12
𝐾𝐾
𝑅𝑅23(𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘) = 3.26 𝑇𝑇2 = 100 − 23(0,0044)
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
𝑅𝑅23 ≫ 𝑅𝑅12 𝑇𝑇2 = 100°𝐶𝐶

𝐾𝐾
𝑅𝑅13 = 𝑅𝑅12 + 𝑅𝑅23 = 3,26
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
 CONVECTION
Is heat transfer by mass motion of a fluid
1. Forced convection (fluid is forced to flow)
2. Natural convection (buoyancy effect)





𝛿𝛿 𝜌𝜌𝑈𝑈∞ 𝑥𝑥 𝑈𝑈∞ 𝑥𝑥
= f 𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒 ; 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = =
𝑥𝑥 𝜇𝜇 𝑣𝑣




𝛿𝛿𝑇𝑇 ~𝛿𝛿
𝑚𝑚 𝜇𝜇
𝛿𝛿 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑣𝑣 2 𝑣𝑣 �𝜌𝜌 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 𝜇𝜇
= 𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟𝑛𝑛 ; 𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟 = ≡ 𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚 ≡ ′′ 𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟 = = =
𝛿𝛿𝑇𝑇 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝛼𝛼 𝛼𝛼 𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘
𝑠𝑠 2 𝜌𝜌𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝


𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 (𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 ) 𝑇𝑇
𝑞𝑞𝑥𝑥′′ 𝑇𝑇0 𝑇𝑇∞ 𝑇𝑇0 𝑇𝑇∞
𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠
𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠
𝑇𝑇∞
𝐿𝐿
x

𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑓(𝑘𝑘) 𝑓𝑓(ℎ)
𝑞𝑞𝑥𝑥′′ = 𝐾𝐾(− )
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑞𝑞𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= −𝐾𝐾
𝐴𝐴 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ∆𝑇𝑇
𝑞𝑞𝑥𝑥 = −𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 = 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐿𝐿
∆𝑇𝑇 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 − 𝑇𝑇∞
𝑞𝑞𝑥𝑥 = 𝑞𝑞𝑥𝑥 =
𝐿𝐿/𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐


𝑇𝑇
𝑇𝑇0 𝑇𝑇∞
1 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠
𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠
�
ℎ𝐴𝐴 𝑇𝑇∞
∆𝑇𝑇 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 − 𝑇𝑇∞ x
𝑞𝑞 = =
𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 1 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
�
ℎ𝐴𝐴
𝑓𝑓(𝑘𝑘) 𝑓𝑓(ℎ)
 �
𝑞𝑞 = ℎA(𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 − 𝑇𝑇∞ )

≠

𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝐴𝐴 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝐵𝐵
ℎ1
𝑇𝑇1 𝑇𝑇∞𝐴𝐴 𝑇𝑇1 𝑇𝑇2 𝑇𝑇∞𝐵𝐵
𝑇𝑇∞𝐴𝐴
𝑇𝑇2 𝐿𝐿
1 1
ℎ1 𝐴𝐴 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 ℎ2 𝐴𝐴
𝐾𝐾
ℎ2 𝑇𝑇∞𝐵𝐵 𝑇𝑇∞𝐴𝐴 − 𝑇𝑇∞𝐵𝐵
𝐿𝐿 𝑞𝑞 =
𝑅𝑅𝑇𝑇
𝑇𝑇∞𝐴𝐴 − 𝑇𝑇∞𝐵𝐵
𝑞𝑞 =
1 𝐿𝐿 1
+ 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 +
ℎ1 𝐴𝐴 ℎ2 𝐴𝐴

𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑤𝑤 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
h≡ 2 ≡ ≡
𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿 𝑡𝑡 𝑚𝑚2 𝑘𝑘 ℎ𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑡𝑡 2 °𝑅𝑅
𝑤𝑤 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝐾𝐾 ≡ ≡
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ℎ𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
 




→
→ ℎ = 𝑓𝑓(𝑞𝑞, 𝑇𝑇)
→

ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ℎ𝐿𝐿

𝑁𝑁𝑢𝑢 = = ℎ
ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝐾𝐾𝑓𝑓
𝐿𝐿
• 1 ≤ 𝑁𝑁𝑢𝑢 ≤ 10 
• 100 ≤ 𝑁𝑁𝑢𝑢 ≤ 1000 𝑘𝑘𝑓𝑓 




𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 =
𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑢𝑢
2
𝐿𝐿2
�𝛼𝛼 (𝑚𝑚 � 2 ) 𝑠𝑠
𝑚𝑚
= 𝑠𝑠
𝐿𝐿�
𝑢𝑢 (𝑚𝑚�𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑠
⁄𝑠𝑠)

𝑢𝑢
≈
∆𝜌𝜌𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
𝜌𝜌𝛽𝛽∆𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇3 𝑔𝑔
∆𝜌𝜌𝐿𝐿3 𝑔𝑔 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 =
𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 = 𝑢𝑢𝛼𝛼
𝑢𝑢𝛼𝛼

∆𝜌𝜌 = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌∆𝑇𝑇 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 = 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 Product of the

Grashof number and
the Prandtl number

∆𝑇𝑇 , 𝐿𝐿 , 𝜌𝜌


𝑣𝑣
𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟 =
𝛼𝛼


𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 =
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

𝑔𝑔𝛽𝛽(𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 − 𝑇𝑇∞ )𝐿𝐿3

𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐿𝐿 =
𝑣𝑣 2

𝑔𝑔𝛽𝛽(𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 − 𝑇𝑇∞ )𝐷𝐷3

𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐷𝐷 =
𝑣𝑣 2


