Electromagnetics 1

Electric Fields in
Material Space
Electromagnetics

Chapter 5

김도연
CONTENTS
Current

Current Density

A Model for Electrical Conduction

Resistor
Electromagnetics

Relaxation Time

Polarization

Electric potential

Boundary Condition
Current

Electric charge passing through the area per unit time

𝑑𝑄
𝐼 =
𝑑𝑡𝜌𝑉

∆𝑄 ∆𝑙
∆ 𝐼= = 𝜌𝑉 ∆ 𝑆 = 𝜌𝑉 ∆ 𝑆 𝑢𝑦
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
𝑄= 𝜌 𝑉 𝑆𝑙
Current density

∆ 𝐼= 𝐽 𝑛 ∆ 𝑆= 𝐽 ∙ ∆ 𝑆=𝜌 𝑉 ∆ 𝑆 𝑢 𝑦
❑
𝐼 =∫ 𝐽 ∙ ∆ 𝑆
𝑆

∆𝐼
𝐽 𝑛= = 𝜌𝑉 𝑢𝑦
∆𝑆
Paul Drude
A Model for Electrical Conduction

𝐹 =𝑞𝐸 𝐹 =𝑚𝑒 𝑎
𝑬
q 𝐸=𝑚 𝑒 𝑎 𝑞𝐸
𝑎=
𝑚𝑒 𝑄

𝐽 = 𝜌 𝑉 𝑢=( 𝑛𝑞 ) ∙
𝑞𝐸 𝜏
𝑚𝑒
=
(
𝑛 𝑞2 𝜏
𝑚𝑒 )
𝐸=𝜎 𝐸 𝑉 𝑓 , 𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
𝑞𝐸
𝑚𝑒
𝜏
Resistor

𝐼 𝜎 𝑉
𝐽𝐽=
=𝜎 𝐸 =
𝑆 𝑙
𝐼 𝜎 𝑉𝑉 𝑙 𝑙
= 𝑅= = = 𝜌𝑐
𝑆 𝑙 𝐼 𝜎 𝑆 𝑆

𝑅=
𝑉
=
∫ 𝐸 ∙ 𝑑𝑙
𝐼 ∫ 𝜎 𝐸𝐽∙=𝜎
𝑑𝑆𝐸
Relaxation time

❑ ❑
𝐼 𝑜𝑢𝑡 =∮ 𝐽 ∙ 𝑑𝑆=∫ ( ∇ ∙ 𝐽 ) 𝑑𝑉
𝑆 𝑉

− 𝑑𝑄 𝑖𝑛 𝑑
𝐼 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = =− ∫ 𝜌 𝑉 𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
 𝑑 𝜌𝑉
∇ ∙ 𝐽 =− Continuity of current equation
𝑑𝑡

𝜌𝑉
∇ ∙ 𝐽 = ∇ ∙ ( 𝜎 𝐸 ) =𝜎
𝜀

𝑑 𝜌𝑉 𝜌𝑉 1 𝜎
− =𝜎 𝑑 𝜌 𝑉 =− 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝜀 𝜌𝑉 𝜀

𝑡
− 𝜀
𝑇𝑟 𝑇𝑟=
𝜌𝑉 = 𝜌𝑉 𝑒 0
𝜎
Polarization

𝑝 =𝑄𝑑
Boundary condition

𝟏.∮ 𝐸∙𝑑𝑙=0 𝟐.∮ 𝐷∙𝑑𝑆=𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑐

A. Dielectric-Dielectric Boundary Conditions

B. Conductor-Dielectric Boundary Conditions

C. Conductor-Free Space Boundary Conditions

Dielectric-Dielectric Boundary Conditions
𝜺𝟐

∮ 𝐸 ∙𝑑𝑙=0 ∮ 𝐷∙𝑑𝑆=𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑐
𝐸,𝐷2𝑛
𝑤 𝐸, 𝐷2𝑡 𝐴
h h
𝐸,𝐷1𝑛
When 𝜺𝟏 𝐸, 𝐷1𝑡
When

𝐸 1 𝑡 = 𝐸 2𝑡 − 𝐷 1𝑛 + 𝐷 2 𝑛= 𝜌 𝑠
Conductor-Dielectric Boundary Conditions
𝜺=𝜺𝟎 𝜺𝒓
𝐸, 𝐷𝑛

∮ 𝐸 ∙𝑑𝑙=0 ∮ 𝐷∙𝑑𝑆=𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑐
𝑤 𝐸, 𝐷𝑡 𝐴
h h

𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓
When When

𝐸𝑡 = 0 𝐷𝑛 = 𝜌 𝑠
Conductor-Free Space Boundary Conditions
𝜺=𝜺𝟎
𝐸, 𝐷𝑛

∮ 𝐸 ∙𝑑𝑙=0 ∮ 𝐷∙𝑑𝑆=𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑐
𝑤 𝐸, 𝐷𝑡 𝐴
h h

𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓
When When

𝐸𝑡 = 0 𝐷𝑛 = 𝜌 𝑠
Summary
❑
𝑄 =∮ 𝐷 ∙ 𝑑𝑆
𝑆

∇ ∙ 𝐷 = 𝜌𝑉

𝑊
𝑉= =− ∫ 𝐸 ∙ 𝑑𝑙
𝑄

𝐸 =− ∇ 𝑉

∇ × 𝐸 =0
 THANK YOU
FOR LISTENING

Electromagnetics