Formulae and Useful Constant for Midterm Exam (Ch.

21 to 26 and 28)
𝜀0 = 8.85 × 10−12 C2 /N ∙ m2 𝑚𝑒 = 9.1 × 10−31 kg
1
𝑘= = 8.99 × 109 N ∙ m2 /C2
4𝜋𝜀0
Resistivity of copper 𝜌 = 1.69 × 10−8 Ω ∙ m
Resistivity of iron 𝜌 = 9.86 × 10−8 Ω ∙ m

1 𝑞1 𝑞2 1
Coulomb’s Law 𝐹⃗ = 4𝜋𝜀 𝑟2
𝑟̂ Electric Potential Energy 𝑈 = 2 𝐶𝑉 2
0

𝐹 ⃗
Electric Field 𝐸⃗⃗ = 𝑞 Current 𝑖 = 𝑑𝑞/𝑑𝑡
0

Electric Flux 𝛷 = ∮ 𝐸⃗⃗ ∙ d𝐴⃗ Current Density 𝑖 = ∫ 𝐽⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝐴⃗

Gauss’ Law 𝜀0 𝛷 = 𝑞𝑒𝑛𝑐 Current Density 𝐽⃗ = (𝑛𝑒)𝑣
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑
Gauss’ Law 𝜀0 ∮ 𝐸⃗⃗ ∙ d𝐴⃗ = 𝑞𝑒𝑛𝑐 Resistivity ⃗⃗
𝐸 = 𝜌𝐽 ⃗
𝑓 𝐿
Electric Potential 𝑉 = − ∫𝑖 𝐸⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑠⃗ Resistance 𝑅 = 𝜌𝐴

Electric Potential Energy 𝑈 = 𝑞𝑉 Ohm’s Law 𝑉 = 𝑖𝑅

1 𝑞 𝑚
Potential (Charged Particle) 𝑉 = Ohm’s Law (Microscopic) 𝜌 =
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝑒 2 𝑛𝜏

1 𝑝 cos 𝜃 Power 𝑃 = 𝑖𝑉
Potential (Dipole) 𝑉 = 4𝜋𝜀 𝑟2
0
Lorentz Force 𝐹⃗𝐵 = 𝑞𝑣⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗
1 𝑑𝑞 𝐵𝑖
Potential (Cont. Charge) 𝑉 = 4𝜋𝜀 ∫ 𝑟
Hall Effect 𝑛 = 𝑉𝑙𝑒
0

𝜆 𝐿+(𝐿2 +𝑑2 )1/2 𝑉 = 𝑣𝐵𝑑

Potential (Line of Charge) 𝑉 = 𝑙𝑛 [ ]
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑑
𝑚𝑣
Circulating Charged Particle 𝑟 = |𝑞|𝐵
𝜎
Potential (Charged Disk) 𝑉 = 2𝜀 (√𝑧 2 + 𝑅 2 − 𝑧)
0
|𝑞|𝐵
Cyclotron 𝑓 = 𝑓𝑜𝑠𝑐 =
E-Field and Potential 𝐸⃗⃗ = −𝛻𝑉 2𝜋𝑚

1 𝑞1 𝑞2 Magnetic Force 𝐹⃗𝐵 = 𝑖𝐿

⃗⃗ × 𝐵⃗⃗
Electric Potential Energy 𝑈 = 4𝜋𝜀
0 𝑟 Torque on a Current Loop 𝜏 = 𝑁𝑖𝐴𝐵 sin 𝜃
Capacitance 𝑞 = 𝐶𝑉 ⃗⃗
𝜏⃗ = 𝜇⃗ × 𝐵
𝐴 Orientation Energy of a Magnetic Dipole
Parallel Plate Capacitor 𝐶 = 𝜀0 𝑑
⃗⃗
𝑈(𝜃) = −𝜇⃗ ∙ 𝐵
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐿
Cylindrical Capacitor 𝐶= 𝑏
𝑙𝑛
𝑎

𝑎𝑏
Spherical Capacitor 𝐶 = 4𝜋𝜀0
𝑏−𝑎