Real Transformer on - Load

▪ A transformer which experiences leakage

effects, i.e. not all the flux produced by the
primary mmf threats the secondary windings
▪ The flux produced by the demagnetising mmf
and the compensating mmf equally have a
leakage effect
▪ The magnetic core is not perfect, i.e. not 100%
permeable
▪ Both the primary and the secondary windings
experience losses, precisely copper losses
▪ Effect of load current considered on both
secondary and primary 𝑰𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑰𝟐 ′
 Real Transformer on Load
A real transformer is characterised by the
following:
▪ The effect of leakage flux is considered 𝑋1 and 𝑋2.
𝒗𝟏 𝒗𝟐 ▪ The effect of primary and secondary windings
resistances is considered
▪ Therefore 𝑉1 ≠ 𝐸1
▪ All core losses considered, i.e. (hysteresis and eddy
current losses) in the core and winding Cu losses
𝑹𝟏 𝑿𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑿𝟐
𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐′ A simplified model depicting the characteristics of a transformer
𝑰𝟎 𝑰𝟐 = 𝑰𝑳 𝒁𝑳
The characteristics of the load current 𝐼2
𝑰𝒄 𝑰𝝁
𝑹𝒄 (phase angle, magnitude) flowing in the
𝒗𝟏 𝑿𝟎 𝑬𝟏 𝑬𝟐 𝒗𝟐 secondary when the transformer is loaded
~ depend upon the characteristics of the load
impedance connected.

𝐼2 𝑍2 = 𝑍𝐿 = 𝑅2=𝑅𝐿 Pure resistive load

𝑃𝐿 = 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝐿
𝑉2
𝝋𝑳 = 𝜑2 =0 𝑉1 = 𝐸1 + 𝐼1𝑍1
𝝋𝟐 = 𝟗𝟎𝟎
𝑉2 Pure capacitive load 𝐸1 = 𝑉1 − 𝐼1 𝑅1
𝐼2 𝜑2 𝐼2 𝑍2 − 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑍1 = 𝑅1 + 𝑗𝑋1
𝑍2 − 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐸2 = 𝑉2 + 𝐼2𝑍2
𝟎 𝑉2
Pure Inductive load 𝝋𝟐 = 𝟗𝟎
𝜑2 𝑍𝐿 = 𝑅𝐿 − 𝑗𝑋𝐿 𝑍2 = 𝑅2 + 𝑗𝑋2
𝑍𝐿 = 𝑅𝐿 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿
The magnitude will depend upon the ratio of load impedance to terminal voltage or current drawn
 Transformer on-Load

With Winding Resistance

𝑅1 and 𝑅2 represent the resistances

of a transformer on the primary and
𝑽𝟏 𝐸2 secondary windings respectively
𝑬𝟏 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅𝑍𝐿
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑍𝐿 = 𝑅𝐿
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑍𝐿 = 𝑍𝐿 = 𝑅𝐿 − 𝑗𝑋𝐿

𝑉2 = 𝐸1 − 𝐼2𝑅2 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑍𝐿 = 𝑍𝐿 = 𝑅𝐿 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿

𝑉1 = 𝐸1 + 𝐼1𝑅1 𝐸2 = 𝑉2 + 𝐼2𝑅2
Primary windings induced emf and winding
resistive drop
𝜑𝑝 𝜑𝑝

𝜑𝑝

𝜑𝐿 < 900
𝑰𝑳 𝑰𝑳
𝑰𝑳 𝜑𝐿 = 0 𝜑𝐿 < −90 0
 Transformer on-Load
With Primary and Secondary Winding Reactance

For a lagging power factor load

𝑉1 𝐸1 𝐸2 𝒁𝑳

𝑉𝑥1 = 𝐼1 𝑋1
𝑉1 𝐸1
𝐼1
⎖
𝑉1 = 𝐸1 + 𝐼1(𝑅1 + 𝑗𝑋1 ) 𝐼 2
𝐼0 𝛷
𝐸2 = 𝑉2 + 𝐼2(𝑅2 + 𝑗𝑋2) 𝜑1
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑅1 = 0
𝑉1 = 𝐸1 + 𝐼1 𝑗𝑋1 ) 𝐼2 𝜑2
𝐸2 = 𝑉2 + 𝐼2𝑗𝑋2) 𝑉2
𝐸2
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑅2 = 0 𝑉𝑥2 = 𝐼2 𝑋2
 With Primary and Secondary Winding Impedance
Transformer on-Load
The load can be presented as:
𝑆2 , 𝑆𝐿 , 𝑃2 , 𝑃𝐿 𝑍2 𝑍𝐿 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑝. 𝑓.

𝑰𝟏 𝑿𝟏

𝑬𝟏 𝑰𝟏 𝒁𝟏
𝑰𝟎 𝑰𝟏 𝑹𝟏
𝑰𝒄 𝑰𝝁 𝑬𝟏
𝑹𝒄
𝑰𝟏

𝑰𝒐
𝐼2′
𝑰𝒄 𝛷0
𝐼0 = 𝐸1 𝑌0 𝑰𝝁

𝑰𝟐
𝜑2
𝑬𝟐
𝑉1 𝒁𝑳
𝑽𝟐
𝑰𝟐 𝑹𝟐
𝑰𝟐 𝒁𝟐
𝑰𝟐 𝑿𝟐
𝑍1 = 𝑅1 + 𝑗𝑋1 – primary winding impedance
𝑍2 = 𝑅2 + 𝑗𝑋2 – secondary winding impedance
𝑉1 = 𝐼1 𝑅1 + 𝑗𝑋1 + 𝐸1 𝐸2 = 𝐼2 𝑅2 + 𝑗𝑋2 + 𝑉2 𝑉𝐿 = 𝐼2 (𝑅2 ±𝑗𝑋2)
 Example #: 5-1
A single phase transformer supplies a current of 80A at 80% power factor lagging. The
transformer has 1000 turns in the primary windings and 250 turns in the secondary
windings. Assuming that the transformer draws a primary current of 30A at 0.7 power
factor lagging, determine:
a. the hysteresis angle of displacement
b. The no-load current
c. Draw a phasor diagram

Solution

𝐼𝜇 = 𝐼0𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝐼𝑤 = 𝐼0𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝐼0𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝐼 ⎖ 2𝐶𝑜𝑠𝝋𝟐 ′ = 30𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜑1

𝐼1 = 𝐾𝐼2 + 𝐼0
𝐼0𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝐼 ⎖ 2𝑆𝑖𝑛𝝋𝟐 ′ = 30𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜑1
𝑁2 250
𝐾= = = 0.25 𝐼 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑁1 1000 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝐼0𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃=
0
⎖
𝐼 2 = 0.25 ∗ 80 = 20𝐴
𝜽 =?
𝜑2 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 ⎖ 0.8 = 𝑰𝟎 =?
 Example #: 5-2

A single phase transformer supplies a load of 13,440W at 0.7 power factor leading, at 240V, 50Hz.
The transformer has 1000 turns in the primary windings and 200 turns in the secondary windings.
The respective primary and secondary windings resistances are 0.2Ω and 0.5Ω. Assuming that the
transformer draws a no-load current of 2A at a hysteresis angle of displacement of 80 degrees.
determine:
a. the current drawn from the primary 𝐼1
b. the voltage on the primary 𝑉1
c. Draw a phasor diagram
Solution
 Example #: 5-3

A single phase transformer supplies a current of 80A at 70% power factor lagging, at 240V,
50Hz. The transformer has 800 turns in the primary windings and 200 turns in the
secondary windings. The respective primary and secondary windings inductances are
0.021H and 0.007H. Assuming that the transformer draws a no-load current of 1.4A at a
hysteresis angle of displacement of 85 degrees and the primary and secondary resistances
negligible, determine:
a. the current drawn from the primary 𝐼1
b. the voltage on the primary 𝑉1
c. Draw a phasor diagram
 Example #: 5-3

A single phase transformer supplies a load of 1000KW at 80% power factor lagging, at 400V, 50Hz.
The transformer has 800 turns in the primary windings and 200 turns in the secondary windings. The
respective primary and secondary windings impedances are 8 < 600Ω and 4Ω . Assuming that the
transformer draws a no-load current of 3A at a hysteresis angle of displacement of 88 degrees.
determine:
a. the current drawn from the primary 𝐼1
b. the voltage on the primary 𝑉1
c. Draw a phasor diagram
 Example #: 5-4
Group discussion – exercise 4 minutes
Group #: 1
Draw a phasor diagram for a leading power factor load
Group #: 2
Draw a phasor diagram for a unit power factor load
Group #: 3
Draw a phasor diagram for a pure capacitive load
Group #: 4
Draw a phasor diagram for a pure inductive load

Group #: 5
Draw a phasor diagram for an inductive load neglecting
the no-load current