Power System

Basic Concept
Pr of. D r. I r. R udy Set iabudy, D EA & D w i R iana Ar yani, S.T., M.Sc.
Ele ct r ical Engineer in g D e p a r t me n t
Power in Single Phase AC
Circuits
Instantaneous voltage Instantaneous current
×

Instantaneous power
Power in Single Phase AC
Circuits
The root-mean-square (rms) value of v(t)
The rms value of i(t)
Impedance angle

Energy flow into the circuit Energy borrowed and

returned by the circuit
Average power 𝑷 = 𝑽 𝑰 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝑺 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
Reactive power 𝑸 = 𝑽 𝑰 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝑺 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽

Apparent power 𝑺 = 𝑽 𝑰
Power in Single Phase AC
Circuits

Energy flow into the circuit Energy borrowed and

returned by the circuit

Purely resistive
▪Impedance angle is zero
▪Unity power factor
▪S = P
▪The electric energy is transformed into thermal energy
Power in Single Phase AC
Circuits

Energy flow into the circuit Energy borrowed and

returned by the circuit

Purely inductive
▪The current lags the voltage by 90°
▪The average power is zero
▪There is no transformation energy from electrical to nonelectrical form
▪Average power oscillates between the circuit and the source

Purely capacitive
▪The current leads the voltage by 90°
▪The average power is zero
▪There is no transformation energy from electrical to nonelectrical form
▪Average power oscillates between the circuit and the source
Real and Reactive Power
(Single Phase)
 Complex Power
𝑽 = 𝑽 ∠𝜽𝒗 Phasor diagram and power triangle for
an inductive load (lagging PF)
𝑰 = 𝑰 ∠𝜽𝒊

𝑽𝑰∗ = 𝑽 𝑰 ∠𝜽𝒗 − 𝜽𝒊 = 𝑽 𝑰 𝜽
= 𝑽 𝑰 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 + 𝒋 𝑽 𝑰 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽

Complex power 𝑺 = 𝑽𝑰∗ = 𝑷 + 𝒋𝑸

Phasor diagram and power triangle for
Load impedance = Z a capacitive load (leading PF)
𝑽 = 𝒁𝑰

𝑺 = 𝑽𝑰∗ = 𝒁𝑰𝑰∗ = 𝑹 𝑰 𝟐
+ 𝒋𝑿 𝑰 𝟐
Balanced 3 Phase Circuits

Positive sequence Negative sequence

Y-Connected loads

Ib
Δ Connected Loads
Δ→Y Transformation
𝑍𝐴𝐵 𝑍𝐶𝐴
𝑍𝐴 =
𝑍𝐴𝐵 + 𝑍𝐵𝐶 + 𝑍𝐶𝐴

𝑍𝐵𝐶 𝑍𝐴𝐵
𝑍𝐵 =
𝑍𝐴𝐵 + 𝑍𝐵𝐶 + 𝑍𝐶𝐴

𝑍𝐶𝐴 𝑍𝐵𝐶
𝑍𝐶 =
𝑍𝐴𝐵 + 𝑍𝐵𝐶 + 𝑍𝐶𝐴
Y → Δ Transformation
𝑍𝐴 𝑍𝐵 + 𝑍𝐵 𝑍𝐶 + 𝑍𝐶 𝑍𝐴
𝑍𝐴𝐵 =
𝑍𝐶

𝑍𝐴 𝑍𝐵 + 𝑍𝐵 𝑍𝐶 + 𝑍𝐶 𝑍𝐴
𝑍𝐵𝐶 =
𝑍𝐴

𝑍𝐴 𝑍𝐵 + 𝑍𝐵 𝑍𝐶 + 𝑍𝐶 𝑍𝐴
𝑍𝐶𝐴 =
𝑍𝐵
Three-Phase Transformers
• The wound core is placed in a steel tank
filled with insulating oil or synthetic
liquid.
• The oil acts both as electrical insulation
and as a cooling agent to remove the
heat of losses from the windings and
core.
• The LV windings are situated over the
core limbs and the HV windings are
wound over the low-voltage ones.
• The core comprises steel laminations
insulated on one side (to reduce eddy
losses) and clamped together.
Windings and Phasor Diagram
of a YΔ Transformer
• The voltages across the two
windings are related by the
turns ratio λ.

• In this Y → D wound transformer

the secondary equivalent phase
voltages are -30° out of phase
with the primary phase voltages
= Yd1

Y: star HV winding,
d: delta LV winding:
1: one o’clock or -30° phase shift
The Per-Unit System
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 (𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡)
𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑝. 𝑢. =
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡

1. The apparatus considered may vary widely in size; losses and volt
drops will also vary considerably. For apparatus of the same general
type the p.u. volt drops and losses are in the same order, regardless
of size.
2. The use of 3 in three-phase calculations is reduced.
3. By the choice of appropriate voltage bases the solution of networks
containing several transformers is facilitated.
4. Per-unit values lend themselves more readily to digital computation.
Resistance and Impedance in
p.u.
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑅𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 =
𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑅(Ω) 𝑅(Ω) 𝑅 Ω .𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑅 𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑅𝑝.𝑢. = = = =
𝑅𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 (Ω) 𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 Τ𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒

𝑅 Ω . 𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 2 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑅𝑝.𝑢. = =
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡 − 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠

𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠 𝑍 Ω . 𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

𝑝. 𝑢. 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = =
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
Single Phase Circuits in p.u.
𝑆1ø,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝑉𝐿𝑁,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × 𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

𝑆1ø,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 =
𝑉𝐿𝑁,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

𝑉𝐿𝑁,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝐿𝑁,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉 2 𝐿𝑁,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = = =
𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑆1ø,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 /𝑉𝐿𝑁,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑆1ø,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

𝑍(Ω) × 𝑆1ø,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑍𝑝.𝑢. =
𝑉 2 𝐿𝑁,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
Three-Phase Circuits in p.u.
𝑆3ø,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝑉𝐿𝐿,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × 𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × 3 = 𝑉𝐿𝑁,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × 𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × 3

𝑆3ø,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 =
3 𝑉𝐿𝐿,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

𝑉𝐿𝐿,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 / 3 𝑉𝐿𝐿.𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 / 3 𝑉 2 𝐿𝐿,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = = =
𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑆3ø,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 / 3𝑉𝐿𝐿,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑆3ø,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

𝑍(Ω) × 𝑆3ø,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑍𝑝.𝑢. =
𝑉 2 𝐿𝐿,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑆𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉 2 𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑍𝑝.𝑢. (𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒) = 𝑍𝑝.𝑢. (𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒) × × 2
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
Transformer’s Impedance in
p.u.
𝑍1
𝑍𝑝.𝑢. =
𝑉1 Τ𝐼1

𝑍2 = 𝑍1 𝑁 2 (Ω)

𝑉2
2
𝑍𝑝.𝑢. = 𝑍1 𝑁 ൗ
𝐼2

2
𝐼1 1 𝑍1
𝑍𝑝.𝑢. = 𝑍1 𝑁 . =
𝑁 𝑉1 𝑁 𝐼1 𝑉1
Power Transfer
Power at Source End

(𝑉𝐺 ∠ − 𝛿) − 𝑉𝐿
𝑆𝐺 = 𝑉𝐺 ∠𝛿
𝑍∠ − 𝜃

𝑉𝐺 2 𝑉𝐺 𝑉𝐿
𝑆𝐺 = ∠𝛿 − ∠(𝛿+𝜃)
𝑍 𝑍

𝑉𝐺 2 𝑉𝐺 𝑉𝐿
𝑃𝐺 = cos 𝛿 − cos(𝛿+𝜃)
𝑍 𝑍

𝑉𝐺 2 𝑉𝐺 𝑉𝐿
𝑄𝐺 = sin 𝛿 − sin(𝛿+𝜃)
𝑍 𝑍
Power Transfer
Power at Load End

𝑉𝐿 − (𝑉𝐺 ∠ − 𝛿)
𝑆𝐿 = 𝑉𝐿
𝑍∠ − 𝜃

𝑉𝐿 2 𝑉𝐿 𝑉𝐺
𝑆𝐿 = ∠𝜃 − ∠(𝜃 − 𝛿)
𝑍 𝑍

𝑉𝐿 2 𝑉𝐿 𝑉𝐺
𝑃𝐿 = cos 𝜃 − cos 𝜃 − 𝛿
𝑍 𝑍

𝑉𝐿 2 𝑉𝐿 𝑉𝐺
𝑄𝐿 = sin 𝜃 − sin(𝜃 − 𝛿)
𝑍 𝑍
References
❑B. M. Weedy, B. J. Cory, N. Jenkins, Janaka B. Ekanayake, Goran Strbac.
“Electric Power Systems”. Wiley
❑Hadi Saadat. “Power System Analysis”. Mc Graw Hill.
❑John J. Grainger, William D. Stevenson, Jr. “Power System Analysis “.
McGraw-Hill