ENGR 225 Spring 2020 E.

Martin

Exam 2 Cheat Sheet: Efficiency:

Fluid between 2 parallel plates: Pumps, useful work Turbines, effective work
𝑊𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 ,𝑢 = 𝑊𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 ,𝑎 ∗ 𝜂 𝑊𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏,𝑢
𝑊𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏,𝑒 =
𝜂
Total Head Loss: ℎ𝐿
ℎ𝐿 = ℎ𝐿 ,𝑚𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 + ℎ𝐿 ,𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟
𝑣2
ℎ𝐿 ,𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 = 𝐾𝐿 ∗
2𝑔
𝑣𝑜
Velocity profile: 𝑢(𝑦) = 𝑙
∗𝑦
Fluid flow through a pipe:
𝑑𝑢 𝑣
ID Shear Stress: 𝜏 = 𝜇 𝑑𝑦 = 𝜇 𝑙𝑜 Reynolds Number: 𝑅𝑒 =
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝜌𝐷
𝜇
𝑣
Shear Force: 𝐹 = 𝜏 ∗ 𝐴 = 𝜇𝐴 𝑙𝑜 Re<2300 Laminar
𝜌𝑢𝐿 Re>4000 Turbulent
Reynolds Number: 𝑅𝑒 = 𝜇 Velocity profile for flow through a CIRCULAR pipe
Laminar: Re << 1 𝑟2
𝑢(𝑟) = 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 ∗ (1 − 2 )
Turbulent: Re >> 1 𝑅
𝑑𝑢 Equations for LAMINAR flow:
ID Shear Stress for ANY geometry: 𝜏 = 𝜇 𝑑𝑦
Maximum velocity
𝑑𝑢 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2 ∗ 𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔
Shear Force: 𝐹 = 𝜏 ∗ 𝐴 = 𝜇𝐴
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑢
Average velocity
*if 𝑢 increases with increasing y, then + 𝑑𝑦 𝛥𝑃𝐷2
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
𝑑𝑢 32𝜇𝐿
*if u decreases with increasing y, then − Volumetric flow rate
𝑑𝑦
Note: 𝑢 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑣𝑜 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝛥𝑃𝜋𝐷4
𝐹 𝐹
𝑉(𝑑𝑜𝑡) = 𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝐴𝑐 =
Surface Tension: 𝜎 = 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 2𝑏 128𝜇𝐿
Pressure drop
32𝜇𝐿𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔
𝛥𝑃 =
𝐷2

Equations for LAMINAR or TURBULENT flow:

Pressure drop
𝐿 𝑣2
𝛥𝑃 = 𝑓 𝜌
Bernoulli Equation: 𝐷 2
Head Loss
Basic Form: Unit m
𝛥𝑃 𝐿 𝑣2
𝑃1 𝑣12 𝑃2 𝑣22 ℎ𝐿 = =𝑓
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 𝜌𝑔 𝐷 2𝑔
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
Advanced Form: Unit m Laminar f:
𝑃1 𝑣12 𝑃2 𝑣22 64
+ + 𝑧1 + ℎ𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 ,𝑢 = + + 𝑧2 + ℎ𝐿 + ℎ𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏 ,𝑒 𝑓=
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝑅𝑒
Turbulent f: (2 options)
Advanced Form: Unit J/kg 1) Moody Charts
𝑃1 𝑣12 𝑃2 𝑣22 2) Approximation
+ + 𝑧1 𝑔 + 𝑤𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 ,𝑢 = + + 𝑧2 𝑔 + 𝑒𝐿 + 𝑤𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏 ,𝑒
𝜌 2 𝜌 2 𝜀 1.11
Advanced Form: Unit W 1 6.9
𝑃1 𝑣12 𝑃2 𝑣22 = −1.8 log ( +( 𝐷 ) )
𝑚 ( + + 𝑧1 𝑔) + 𝑊𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 ,𝑢 = 𝑚 ( + + 𝑧2 𝑔) + 𝐸𝐿 + 𝑊𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏 ,𝑒
𝜌 2 𝜌 2 √𝑓 𝑅𝑒 3.7

Pumps, useful work Turbines, effective work

Pump Work: 𝑊𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝛥𝑃 ∗ 𝑉(𝑑𝑜𝑡)
𝐽 𝐽
𝑤𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 ,𝑢 = ℎ𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 ,𝑢 ∗ 𝑔 ( ) 𝑤𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏,𝑒 = ℎ𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏,𝑒 ∗ 𝑔 ( )
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
If a pipe is NOT circular, replace D in the above
𝑊𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 ,𝑢 = ℎ𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 ,𝑢 ∗ 𝑔 ∗ 𝑚 (𝑊) 𝑊𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏,𝑒 = ℎ𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏,𝑒 ∗ 𝑔 ∗ 𝑚 (𝑊) 4𝐴
equations with 𝐷ℎ = 𝑃 𝑐 where 𝑃𝑊 = the wetted
𝑊
perimeter
ENGR 225 Spring 2020 E.Martin

Drag Force
1
𝐹𝐷 = ∗ 𝐶 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝑣2 ∗ 𝐴
2 𝐷
**A is the frontal area
Drag Force Over a FLAT Plate:
𝐶𝐷 = 𝐶𝐷,𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐶𝑓
Drag Force
1
𝐹𝐷 = ∗ 𝐶 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝑣2 ∗ 𝐴
2 𝑓
**Surface Area
Reynolds Number:
At length L
𝜌∗𝑣∗𝐿 𝑣∗𝐿
𝑅𝑒𝐿 = =
𝜇 𝜈
At position x
𝜌∗𝑣∗𝑥 𝑣∗𝑥
𝑅𝑒𝑥 = =
𝜇 𝜈
Critical x position:
𝜌 ∗ 𝑣 ∗ 𝑥𝑐 𝑣 ∗ 𝑥𝑐
𝑅𝑒𝑥𝑐 = 5 ∗ 105 = =
𝜇 𝜈
At position x:
𝐶𝑓,𝑥 Δ

Laminar 0.664 4.91 ∗ 𝑥

(𝑅𝑒𝑥 < 5 ∗ √𝑅𝑒𝑥 √𝑅𝑒𝑥
105 )
Turbulent 0.059 0.38 ∗ 𝑥
(5 ∗ 105 < 1 1
(𝑅𝑒𝑥 )5 (𝑅𝑒𝑥 )5
𝑅𝑒𝑥 < 5 ∗ 107 )
Avg Values:
𝐶𝑓
Completely Laminar 1.33
(𝑅𝑒𝐿 < 5 ∗ 105 ) √𝑅𝑒𝐿
Completely Turbulent 0.074
(5 ∗ 105 < 𝑅𝑒𝐿 < 5 ∗ 1
(𝑅𝑒𝐿 )5
107 )
Laminar & Turbulent 0.074 1742
1 −
𝑅𝑒𝐿
(𝑅𝑒𝐿 )5
Lift Force

1
𝐹𝐿 = ∗ 𝐶 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝑣2 ∗ 𝐴
2 𝐿
** for an airplane to lift off the ground, the FL must be =
to the air plane’s weight (W = mg)

Note: Work = Force*Distance (units kJ)