Lecture 5: Magnetic Circuits

Magnetic circuits and its equivalent circuits

Core loss
Energy stored in the inductor
Magnetically coupled circuits
 Magnetic Equivalent Circuit
Parallel magnetic circuit with air-gap:

The reluctance of the core:

𝑙 𝐵𝐴𝐹𝐸 𝑙 𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐸 𝑙 𝐵𝐺𝐻𝐸 − 𝑙𝑔
𝑆 𝑐= 𝑆 𝑐 1= 𝑆 𝑐 2=
𝜇 𝐴𝑐 𝜇 𝐴𝑐 𝜇 𝐴𝑐
𝑙𝑔
The reluctance of air-gap: 𝑆𝑔=
𝜇0 𝐴𝑔
𝑁𝑖
The flux: Φ= 𝑆 𝑐 +𝑆 𝑐1 ∥(𝑆¿¿ 𝑐 2+𝑆 ¿¿ 𝑔)¿ ¿

mmf:

Flux density:

Φ𝑔
𝐵𝑔 =
𝐴𝑔
 Core loss
Hysteresis :


𝐼𝑚
i Magnetization curve

- 𝜔𝑡
Hysteresis loop

Fig 2
Fig 1
Fig 3

B-H loop is nonlinear and multi-valued

 Hysteresis loss

W = Energy input =
𝑑Φ 𝑑𝐵
𝑒=𝑁 =𝑁𝐴
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

So, W =

The energy transfer over one cycle of variation:

= Volume  energy density in the core (Joule/m3)

Power loss in the core = Ph = Volume  area of B-H loop  frequency of

excitation
𝑛
Empirical formula: 𝑃 h =𝐾 h 𝑓 𝐵𝑚𝑎𝑥
where Kh is constant and n is from 1.5 to 2.5 for a typical magnetic material
 Eddy current loss

ie
ie

B
B
2 2
Empirical formula: 𝑃 𝑒= 𝐾 𝑒 𝑓 𝐵𝑚𝑎𝑥
where Ke is constant
Reduction:
(a) High resistivity core material (addition of silicon (4%) to iron.
(b) Laminated core  0.5 to 5 mm in machine

Core loss: Pc = Ph+Pe

 Energy stored in inductor
l𝑙 Now S
𝑖

𝐸=0
𝐿
𝐸
r L is the matter of geometry ←
− +¿
𝜇 0 𝑁𝑖
i N 𝐵=
𝑙 𝑅
𝑑𝑖
→𝐿 +𝑖𝑅=0
𝑑𝑡
❑ 𝑅
𝑑Φ 𝑑𝑖 − 𝑡

∮
𝐿
𝐸 . 𝑑𝑙=− =− 𝐿 𝑖 ( 𝑡 ) = 𝐼 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑒
𝐶
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
The amount of heat energy generated in the
S 𝑉 resistor :
𝐸=0 𝐼 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑅
𝑖
 𝐿 𝑖(𝑡 )
←

𝐸 𝑉 =0
V 𝐸
←
− +¿ = The stored energy in the inductor
𝑅 𝑡
𝑑Φ 𝑑𝑖 → 𝐿 𝑑𝑖 +𝑖𝑅 − 𝑉 =0
−𝑉 + 0+𝑖𝑅=− =− 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 Hence, the expression for energy stored in
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
the inductor =
(1 − 𝑒 )
𝑅
− 𝑡
→ 𝑖 ( 𝑡 )= 𝐼 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐿
 Energy stored in inductor
l𝑙 𝐵=
𝜇 0 𝑁𝑖
𝑙

r
i N

Hence, the expression for energy stored in the inductor =

The magnetic field energy density= ¿

1
𝐵 . 𝐻 J /m 3
2
Electromagnetic relay:
Force across an air-gap
 Force across an air-gap
Moving portion

Area of air-gap
The energy stored per unit volume in the gap
Initial distance =
Force of attraction experience by the moving part =
To displace work to be done Increase in stored energy
So

Therefore, the attraction force

Mutual inductance:
Magnetically coupled circuits
Φ

If in the primary circuit rate of change of current is

N2
The emf induced in the secondary is =
N1
𝑑Φ
→ 𝑀 =𝑁 2
V G 𝑑𝑖
With constant, is constant
Φ2
→ 𝑀 =𝑁 2
𝑖1
Mutual inductance is the ability of one inductor to induce voltage in neighbouring inductor
A B
With in coil B, if is supplied to A, Emf induced in B =
Additional energy absorbed by B in is
𝑖𝐴 𝑖𝐵

Total energy stored in the magnetic circuit= =