Transformer

A. S. M. Badrudduza, Assistant Professor, Dept. of ETE, RUET

Transformer:
Transformer is a static device that –
• transfer electrical energy from one circuit to another
• It do so without a change in frequency
• It accomplishes this by electro magnetic induction
• Two electric circuits are in mutual inductive influence of each other
• Transfer of energy usually occurs with a change in voltage
• Transfer of energy may occur at the same voltage.

Advantages:
• No moving part, comparatively low cost, high efficiency (98-99%)
• Maintenance simpler and cheaper
• Required isolation from high voltage circuit is obtained
Operating principle

N1

N2
 No-load Voltage Relation
𝑽𝟏 = −𝑬𝟏 𝑬𝟐 = 𝑽 𝟐
𝝓 𝝓
𝑬𝟏 ∝ 𝑵𝟏 𝑬𝟐 ∝ 𝑵𝟐
𝒕 𝒕

𝑰𝒐 𝑬𝟏 𝑵𝟏
=
𝑬𝟐 𝑵𝟐
𝑽𝟏 𝑵𝟏 𝑬𝟏 𝑬𝟐 𝑵𝟐 𝑽𝟐

𝑽𝟏 𝑵𝟏
=
𝑽𝟐 𝑵𝟐
EMF Equation
Voltage Transformation Ratio
No-load Phasor Diagram
𝑽 𝟐 = 𝑬𝟐 𝑽𝟏
𝑽 𝟏 = 𝑬𝟏
φ
𝑰𝒐 𝑽 𝟐 = 𝑬𝟐

𝑽𝟏 𝑬𝟏 𝑬𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝝓 = 𝝓𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝒕

𝑵𝟏 𝑵𝟐 φ
𝑰𝒐
𝒅𝝓
𝑬𝟐 = −
𝒅𝒕
𝒅(𝝓𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝒕)
𝑽𝟏 = −𝑬𝟏 =−
𝒅𝒕
Ideal Transformer: = −𝝎𝝓𝒎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒕 𝑬𝟏
𝝅
• No iron loss = −𝝎𝝓𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝒕 −
𝟐
• No copper loss 𝝅
= 𝑬𝒎𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝝎𝒕 − )
• No winding resistance and reactance 𝟐
𝑬𝟐 = 𝑽 𝟐
 No-load Phasor Diagram 𝑽𝟏
φ
𝑰𝒐
𝑰𝝁 is the
𝑬𝟐 𝑽𝟐 magnetizing 𝑰𝑾 𝑰𝒐
𝑽𝟏 𝑬𝟏 component
𝑵𝟏 𝑵𝟐 φ
𝑰𝝁
𝑰𝒘 is the
loss/working
component
Practical Transformer: 𝑬𝟏

• Iron loss (hysteresis and eddy current loss)

in the core
• A small copper loss in the primary winding
• No winding resistance and reactance 𝑬𝟐 = 𝑽 𝟐
Transformer on Load
No Load Load MMF Flux
φ, I0 I2 I2N2 φ2
Flux
φ↓

φ2 ↓ φ +φ2’ I 0 + I 2’ E1 ↓

• The net flux passing through the core is same under all load condition
• Core loss same under all load condition

𝑁2 𝐼1
Current Relation: 𝑁1 𝐼1 = 𝑁2 𝐼2 and =
𝑁1 𝐼2
 Phasor Diagram with Load
𝑰𝟏
𝑰𝟏 = φ 𝑽𝟏
𝑰𝒐 +𝑰′𝟐 𝑰𝟐
𝑰′𝟐

𝑽𝟏 𝑬𝟏 𝑬𝟐 𝑽𝟐 R
𝑰𝑾 𝑰𝒐
𝑵𝟏 𝑵𝟐
𝑽 𝟏 = 𝑬𝟏 φ
𝑰𝝁

𝑽 𝟐 = 𝑬𝟐
Considerations: 𝑰𝟐

• Iron loss (hysteresis and eddy current 𝑬𝟏

loss) in the core
• Copper loss in the primary and
secondary windings
• No winding resistance and reactance
• Resistive Load 𝑬𝟐
 Phasor Diagram with Load
𝑰𝟏 = φ
𝑽𝟏 = −𝑬𝟏 𝑰𝟏
𝑰𝒐 +𝑰′𝟐 𝑰𝟐
𝑰′𝟐
𝑽𝟏 𝑬𝟏 𝑬𝟐 𝑽𝟐 L

𝑵𝟏 𝑵𝟐 𝑰𝑾 𝑰𝒐
𝑽 𝟏 = 𝑬𝟏
φ
𝑰𝝁
𝑽 𝟐 = 𝑬𝟐
Considerations:
𝑰𝟐
• Iron loss (hysteresis and eddy current
loss) in the core 𝑬𝟏
• Copper loss in the primary and
secondary windings
• No winding resistance and reactance
• Inductive Load
𝑬𝟐 = 𝑽 𝟐
 Phasor Diagram with Load
φ 𝑽𝟏
𝑰𝟏 =
𝑰𝟏
𝑰𝒐 +𝑰′𝟐 𝑰𝟐

𝑽𝟏 𝑬𝟏 𝑬𝟐 𝑽𝟐 C 𝑰𝑾 𝑰𝒐
𝑰′𝟐
𝑵𝟏 𝑵𝟐
𝑽 𝟏 = 𝑬𝟏 φ
𝑰𝝁

𝑽 𝟐 = 𝑬𝟐 𝑰𝟐
Considerations:
• Iron loss (hysteresis and eddy current 𝑬𝟏
loss) in the core
• Copper loss in the primary and
secondary windings
• No winding resistance and reactance
• Capacitive Load 𝑬𝟐
Phasor Diagram with Load and Winding Resistance
𝑰𝟏 𝑹𝟏
𝑽𝟏 𝑰𝟏
φ −𝑬𝟏
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐
𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐
𝑰′𝟐
𝑽𝟐 R 𝑰𝟏 𝑹𝟏
𝑽𝟏 𝑬𝟏 𝑬𝟐 𝑰𝒐
𝑰𝑾
𝑵𝟏 𝑵𝟐
𝑽𝟏 = 𝑬𝟏 + 𝑰𝟏 𝑹𝟏 φ
𝑰𝟐 𝑹𝟐 𝑰𝝁

𝑽𝟐 = 𝑬𝟐 − 𝑰𝟐 𝑹𝟐
Considerations: 𝑰𝟐

• Iron loss (hysteresis and eddy current 𝑬𝟏

loss) in the core 𝑽𝟐
• Copper loss in the primary and −𝑰𝟐 𝑹𝟐
secondary windings
• Winding resistance and no magnetic
leakage 𝑬𝟐
• Resistive Load
Phasor Diagram with Load and Winding Resistance
𝑰𝟏 𝑹𝟏
φ 𝑽𝟏 𝑰𝟏
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 −𝑬𝟏
𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐
𝑰′𝟐
𝑽𝟏 𝑬𝟏 𝑬𝟐 𝑽𝟐 L
𝑰𝑾 𝑰𝒐
𝑵𝟏 𝑵𝟐
𝑽𝟏 = 𝑬𝟏 + 𝑰𝟏 𝑹𝟏 𝑰𝟏 𝑹𝟏
𝑰𝟐 𝑹𝟐
φ
𝑰𝝁
𝑽𝟐 = 𝑬𝟐 − 𝑰𝟐 𝑹𝟐
Considerations: 𝑰𝟐
• Iron loss (hysteresis and eddy current
loss) in the core 𝑬𝟏
• Copper loss in the primary and 𝑽𝟐
secondary windings
• Winding resistance and no magnetic −𝑰𝟐 𝑹𝟐
leakage
𝑬𝟐
• Inductive Load
Phasor Diagram with Load and Winding Resistance

φ 𝑰𝟏 𝑹𝟏
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐
𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐 𝑽𝟏
−𝑬𝟏
𝑬𝟐 𝑽𝟐 C 𝑰𝟏
𝑽𝟏 𝑬𝟏

𝑵𝟏 𝑵𝟐
𝑽𝟏 = 𝑬𝟏 + 𝑰𝟏 𝑹𝟏 𝑰𝑾 𝑰𝒐
𝑰′𝟐 𝑰𝟏 𝑹𝟏

𝑽𝟐 = 𝑬𝟐 − 𝑰𝟐 𝑹𝟐
φ
𝑰𝟐 𝑹𝟐 𝑰𝝁
Considerations:
• Iron loss (hysteresis and eddy current 𝑰𝟐
𝑽𝟐
loss) in the core
• Copper loss in the primary and
𝑬𝟏
secondary windings
• Winding resistance and no magnetic
leakage
• Capacitive Load −𝑰𝟐 𝑹𝟐
𝑬𝟐
Magnetic Leakage

How to minimize
those leakage
fluxes?
Phasor Diagram with Load, Winding Resistance and Magnetic Leakage
𝑽𝟏
𝑰𝟏 𝑿𝟏
φ 𝑰𝟏 𝒁𝟏
𝑰𝟏 𝑹𝟏 𝑿𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑿𝟐 𝑰𝟐 𝑰𝟏 𝑹𝟏
𝑰𝟏
−𝑬𝟏
𝑬𝟐 𝑽𝟐 R
𝑽𝟏 𝑬𝟏 𝑰′𝟐
𝑵𝟏 𝑵𝟐
𝑽𝟏 = 𝑬𝟏 + 𝑰𝟏 𝑹𝟏 + 𝒋𝑰𝟏 𝑿𝟏
𝑰𝑾 𝑰𝒐
= 𝑬𝟏 + 𝑰𝟏 𝒁𝟏
𝑰𝟏 𝑹𝟏
𝑽𝟐 = 𝑬𝟐 − 𝑰𝟐 𝑹𝟐 − 𝒋𝑰𝟐 𝑿𝟐 𝑰𝟐 𝑹𝟐
φ
𝑰𝝁
Considerations: = 𝑬𝟐 − 𝑰𝟐 𝒁𝟐

• Iron loss (hysteresis and eddy current 𝑽𝟐

loss) in the core
𝑰𝟐 𝑬𝟏
• Copper loss in the primary and
secondary windings −𝑰𝟐 𝑿𝟐
• Winding resistance and magnetic −𝑰𝟐 𝒁𝟐
leakage −𝑰𝟐 𝑹𝟐
• Resistive Load
𝑬𝟐
Phasor Diagram with Load, Winding Resistance and Magnetic Leakage
𝑽𝟏
𝑰𝟏 𝑿𝟏
φ 𝑰𝟏 𝒁𝟏
𝑰𝟏 𝑹𝟏 𝑿𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑿𝟐 𝑰𝟐 𝑰𝟏 𝑹𝟏
𝑰𝟏
−𝑬𝟏
𝑬𝟐 𝑽𝟐 L
𝑽𝟏 𝑬𝟏 𝑰′𝟐
𝑵𝟏 𝑵𝟐
𝑽𝟏 = 𝑬𝟏 + 𝑰𝟏 𝑹𝟏 + 𝒋𝑰𝟏 𝑿𝟏
𝑰𝑾 𝑰𝒐
= 𝑬𝟏 + 𝑰𝟏 𝒁𝟏
𝑰𝟏 𝑹𝟏
𝑽𝟐 = 𝑬𝟐 − 𝑰𝟐 𝑹𝟐 − 𝒋𝑰𝟐 𝑿𝟐 𝑰𝟐 𝑹𝟐
φ
𝑰𝝁
Considerations: = 𝑬𝟐 − 𝑰𝟐 𝒁𝟐

• Iron loss (hysteresis and eddy current 𝑰𝟐

loss) in the core
• Copper loss in the primary and 𝑽𝟐
𝑬𝟏
secondary windings −𝑰𝟐 𝑿𝟐
• Winding resistance and magnetic −𝑰𝟐 𝒁𝟐
leakage −𝑰𝟐 𝑹𝟐
• Inductive Load
𝑬𝟐
Phasor Diagram with Load, Winding Resistance and Magnetic Leakage
𝑰𝟏 𝑿𝟏

φ 𝑽𝟏 𝑰𝟏 𝒁𝟏
𝑰𝟏 𝑹𝟏 𝑿𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑿𝟐 𝑰𝟐
𝑰𝟏 𝑹𝟏
−𝑬𝟏
𝑬𝟐 𝑽𝟐 C 𝑰𝟏
𝑽𝟏 𝑬𝟏

𝑵𝟏 𝑵𝟐
𝑽𝟏 = 𝑬𝟏 + 𝑰𝟏 𝑹𝟏 + 𝒋𝑰𝟏 𝑿𝟏 𝑰𝑾 𝑰𝒐
= 𝑬𝟏 + 𝑰𝟏 𝒁𝟏 𝑰′𝟐 𝑰𝟏 𝑹𝟏

𝑽𝟐 = 𝑬𝟐 − 𝑰𝟐 𝑹𝟐 − 𝒋𝑰𝟐 𝑿𝟐
φ
𝑰𝟐 𝑹𝟐 𝑰𝝁
Considerations: = 𝑬𝟐 − 𝑰𝟐 𝒁𝟐

• Iron loss (hysteresis and eddy current 𝑰𝟐

𝑽𝟐
loss) in the core
• Copper loss in the primary and
𝑬𝟏
secondary windings
• Winding resistance and magnetic −𝑰𝟐 𝑹𝟐
leakage −𝑰𝟐 𝑿𝟐
• Capacitive Load
−𝑰𝟐 𝒁𝟐 𝑬𝟐
Equivalent Resistance R1’= Equivalent primary resistance as referred to secondary

R2’= Equivalent secondary resistance as referred to primary

R01= Equivalent or effective resistance of the transformer as

referred to primary

R02= Equivalent or effective resistance of the transformer as

referred to secondary
Equivalent Impedance
Equivalent Circuit (1:1 Transformer)
Equivalent Circuit
Equivalent Circuit
Equivalent Circuit
Equivalent Circuit
Transformer Test

• Open circuit test or no load test

• Short circuit test or Impedance test
Open Circuit Test
 Short Circuit Test

Less than 5% of rated voltage is Why low voltage side is short

required for rated current in both circuited and measurements
winding are made on high voltage
side?
Transformer Regulation
Why transformer rating in KVA?
Losses in a transformer
1. Iron loss
A. Hysteresis loss

B. Eddy current loss

2. Copper loss
How to reduce eddy
current loss?
Efficiency
Exercise
 Exercise

Half Load:
Maximum Efficiency
All day efficiency

All day efficiency is less then commercial efficiency.

Transformers operating frequencies other than rated

• Decrease in supply frequency will increase the flux and the core loss.

• Increase in mutual flux will increase the magnetizing current

• Increase in core loss will increase the core loss current component
• Together, no-load current and therefore primary current will increase.
• Overheating will occur.
• Another impact is core saturation for which harmonics are introduced into
the output.

No such limitations when a transformer is operated at

higher frequencies than rated.
 Two types:
Transformer Construction 1. Core type
2. Shell type

Fig: Core type

Transformer Construction

Fig: Shell type

Thank You
☺