A. The speed of rotation: D. Power Stage G.

Effect of load changes of Synchronous Generator

120ƒ
𝑁m =
P

B. Equivalent ckt.

Fig.1 The per phase equivalent circuits Fig.2 A simple circuits

E. POWER AND TORQUE IN SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS

𝑃conv = 𝑇ind𝑊m … … … (1)

𝑉∅ = 𝐸A − 𝑗𝑋𝐼A − 𝑗𝑋A𝐼A − 𝑅A𝐼A
= 3𝐸A𝐼A𝑐𝑜𝑠γ
Academy 𝑋s = 𝑋 + 𝑋A
𝑃 out = √3 𝑉L𝐼L𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 … . . (3)
𝑉∅ = 𝐸A − 𝑗𝑋s𝐼A − 𝑅A𝐼A
2 In phase quantity,
𝐸A = (𝑉∅ + 𝑋s𝐼A𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2+(𝑋s𝐼A𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2 for lagging PF
𝑃out = 3𝑉∅𝐼A𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 … … . (4)
𝐸A2 = (𝑉∅ − 𝑋 s𝐼A𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2+(𝑋s𝐼 A𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) 2 for leading PF
𝑄out = √3 𝑉L𝐼L𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝐸A2 = 𝑉∅2+(𝑋s𝐼A)2 for unity PF
𝑄out = 3𝑉∅𝐼A𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

If the armature resistance RA is ignored (since Xs» RA ), then a very useful equation can be derived
C. The phasor diagram: Unity, lagging & leading PF
to approximate the output power of the generator. To derive this equation, examine the phasor
diagram in Figure. Figure shows a simplified phasor diagram of a generator with the stator resistance
ignored. Notice that the vertical segment be can be expressed as either 𝐸A𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿 or 𝑋s 𝐼A𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃.
EAsinẟ
Therefore, 𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = and substituting this expression into Equation 4 gives
A Xs H. Effect of field current changes in a Synchronous Generator
3V∅EAsinẟ .................................................................................
𝑃conv = 𝑃out = (5)
Xs

Electrical Machines Equation 5 shows that the power produced by a synchronous generator depends on the angle 𝛿
between 𝑉∅ and 𝐸A. The angle 𝛿 is known as the internal angle or torque angle of the machine. Notice
Sheet-3 (Synchronous Generator) also that the maximum power that the generator can supply occurs when 𝛿 = 90 degree. At 𝛿 = 90
degree , sin 𝛿 = 1, and
3𝑉∅𝐸A
𝑃max =
𝑋s
3V∅EAsinẟ 1 min
And, 𝑇 = ; where 𝑊 = 2𝜋 (𝑟𝑎𝑑)𝑥𝑁(𝑅𝑃𝑀)𝑥 = 2πN rad/sec
ind XsWm m 60 sec 60

F. Measuring model parameters

Contact Us
𝑉oc
Mobile: 01914309373 𝑍S =
𝐼sc
facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/eeejobsnow 𝑋s = √(𝑍s2 − 𝑅a2)

1. Calculate the pitch factor for the under given windings: (a) 36 slots, 4 poles, coil span 1-8 (b) 72 4. An alternator has 18 slots/pole and the first coil lies in slots 1 to 16. Calculate the pitch factor for 7. Stator of a 3 phase, 16 pole alternator has 144 slots and there are 4 conductors per slot connected 10. An alternator on open-circuit generates 360 V at 60 Hz when the field current is 3.6 A. Neglecting
stator slots, 6 poles, coil span 1 to 10 and (c) 96 slots, 6 poles, coil span 1 to 12. (i) fundamental, (ii) 3rd harmonic, (iii) 5th harmonic (iv) 7th harmonic. in two layers and the conductors of each phase are connected in series. If the speed of the alternator is saturation, determine the open-circuit e.m.f. when the frequency is 40 Hz and the field current is 2.4
375 rpm, calculate the emf induced per phase. Resultant flux in the air gap is 5 × 10–2 𝑊𝑏/𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 Amp. [BAPEX-16, DNCC-16, APSCL-16, AE]
Solution: 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑡 Solution:
𝑛= sinusoidally distributed. Assume the coil span as 1500 electrical.
36 𝑛 = 18 Solution:
(a) 𝑛 = =9 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒
4 Solution:
𝑛 − 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 Here coil span is 16-1=15 slots, which falls short by 3 slots. 144 𝐸 ∝ ∅𝑓
Coil span 1-8 = 7 α= For sinusoidal, 𝑛 = =9 𝑚= 9 =3 𝑍 = 144 × 4 = 576
2 0 0 𝑛 n–coil span 0
16 3
α = × 180 =40 α= × 1800 = (18-15)x180 = 300 576 𝐸1 ∅1𝑓1
9 × 1800 n 18 𝑇 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 = = 96 =
α 400 2×3 𝐸2 ∅2𝑓2
𝐾p = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 0.9397 α 300 120׃
2
𝐾p = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (i) 𝐾p1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 0.97 𝑁s = , 𝑓 = 50 𝐻𝑧.
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑, ∅ ∝ 𝐼ƒ where 𝐼ƒis the field current.
2 P
2 3x30 0 1800
(b) 𝑛 =
72
= 12 (c) 𝑛 =
96
= 16 (ii) 𝐾p3 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2
= 0.707 α= 1800 − 1500 = 300 𝛽= = 200 So,
6
m = slots/pole/phase 5x300 9
6 E1 I1ƒ1 360 3.6×60
Coil span 1-10 = 9 Coil span 1-12 = 11 1 (iii) 𝐾p5 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 0.259 300 sin
3×200
E2
=
I2ƒ2
or
E2
=
2.4×40
2
3 0 0 5 0 0 𝛽= × 1800 7x30 0 𝐾p = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 0.966 𝐾d = 3sin200
2
= 0.96
α= × 180 =45 α= × 180 =56.25 𝑛 (iv) 𝐾p7 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 0.259 2
2 𝐸2 = 160 𝑉
12 12 α 2
α mβ
𝐸ph = 4.44𝑓∅𝑇𝐾p𝐾d = 4.44×50× 5 ×0.01×96×0.966× 0.96 = 988 V
𝐾p = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 = 0.925 𝐾p = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 0.882 sin
2 𝐾d = msin2β
2 5. A 3 phase 16 pole alternator has a Y connected winding with 144 slots and 10 conductors per slot.
8. A 4-pole, 3-phase, 50-Hz, star-connected alternator has 60 slots, with 4 conductors per slot. 11. A 3-phase alternator has generated e.m.f. per phase of 230 V with 10 per cent third harmonic and 6
The flux per pole is 0.03 Wb, sinusoidally distributed and the speed is 375 RPM. Find the frequency,
Coils are short-pitched by 3 slots. If the phase spread is 60º, find the line voltage induced for a flux per cent fifth harmonic content. Calculate the r.m.s. line voltage for (a) star connection (b) delta-
the phase and line EMF. Assume full pitched coil.
2. Calculate the distribution factor for a 36 slots, 4 pole, single layer 3 phase winding. per pole of 0.943 Wb distributed sinusoidally in space. All the turns per phase are in series. connection. Find also the circulating current in delta connection if the reactance per phase of the
Solution: machine at 50-Hz is 10 ohm. [APSCL-16, SGFCL-17, AE]
Solution: Solution:
PN 16×375 144 9
36 𝑓= = = 50 Hz. 𝑛= =9 𝑚= =3 𝛽= 1 × 1800 = 200 Solution:
36 1 120 120 16 3 9 60 3 1800
𝑛= =9 𝑚= 4
=3 𝛽= × 180 0 = 1 × 1800 = 200 𝑛= = 15 f = 50 Hz. m = 15/3 = 5 α= × 1800=360 𝛽 = = 120
4 3 n 9 144 × 10 480 4 15 15 (a) Y connected, 230V, 10% 3rd harmonics, 6% 5th harmonics.
= 480 𝑇= 5×120
mβ
sin 3×200 𝑍= = 240 𝐾p = 1 360 sin 60×4
sin 3 2 𝐾p = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 0.951 𝐾d = 2
120
= 0.957 𝑍= = 80 E1/phase = 230V
𝐾d = β
2 = 2
20
0 = 0.96 2 5sin 3
msin2 3sin 3×200 2
2 sin
20 = 0.96 80 3rd harmonic cancel each other because they are co-phase.
𝐾d = 20 𝑇= = 40
3sin
2 2 E5/phase = 0.06x230 = 13.8V
∅ = 0.943 𝑤𝑏
3. Find the value of Kd for an alternator with 9 slots per pole for the following cases: (i) One winding 𝐸ph = 4.44𝑓∅𝑇𝐾p𝐾d = 4.44×50×0.03×240×1×0.96 = 1534.46 V
𝐸pℎ = 4.44𝑓∅𝑇𝐾p𝐾d = 4.44×50×0.943×40×0.951× 0.957 = 7621 V E/phase = √(2302 + 13.82 = 230.42V
in all the slots (ii) One winding using only the first 2/3 of the slots/pole (iii) 3 equal windings placed
sequentially in 60 degree group. 𝐸line = √3 × 1534.46 = 2658 𝑉 𝐸line = √3 × 7621 = 13200 𝑉 E/line = 230.42x1.7320 = 399V
1
Solution: Here, 𝛽 = × 1800 = 1 × 180 0 = 20 0 and values of m are 9, 6 and 3 respectively. (b) Delta connected,
n 9 9. A 4-pole, 50-Hz, star-connected alternator has 15 slots per pole and each slot has 10 conductors.
6. Find the no load phase and line voltage of a star connected 3 phase, 6 pole alternator which runs at All the conductors of each phase are connected in series' the winding factor being 0.95. When running
sin
mβ
9×200 E/phase = 230.42V = E/line
sin 1200 RPM having flux per pole of 0.1 Wb sinusoidally distributed. Its stator has 54 slots having on no-load for a certain flux per pole, the terminal e.m.f. was 1825 volt. If the windings are lap-
(i) m= 9, 𝛽 = 200, 𝐾d = 2
β = 20
20
= 0.64
msin 9sin double layer winding. Each coil has 8 turns and the coil is chorded by 1 slot. connected as in a d.c. machine, what would be the e.m.f. between the brushes for the same speed and 10 ohm at 50Hz.
2 2
54 PN 6×1200 the same flux/pole. Assume sinusoidal distribution of flux.
Solution: 𝑛 = =9 m = 9/3 = 3, 𝑓= = = 60 Hz. 10% at 3rd harmonic,
6×200 6 120 120
sin Solution:
(ii) m= 6, 𝛽 = 200, 𝐾d = 20 = 0.83 1800
6sin
20 Since winding is chorded by one slot, it is short pitched by 1/9 or 𝐵 = = 200. Circulating current = (230x0.1)/(3x10) = 0.77A.
2 9 No. of turn per phase = (20x10)/2 =
3×200
n = 15, m = 15/3 = 5
200 sin 100
sin3×20
0 𝐾p = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 0.98; 𝐾d = 3sin202 0 = 0.96 E(phase) = 1825/1.7320 = 1053.695 V
2
(iii) m= 3, 𝛽 = 200, 𝐾d = 2
20 0
= 0.96 2 Kd = 0.95, Kp = 1 (Assume)
3sin
2 No. of slot per phase = (15x4)/3 = 20,
𝑍 =
54×8
= 144, 𝑇=
144
= 72 E(ph) = 4.44x50x∅𝑥100𝑥1𝑥0.95
th 3 2 ∅ = 49.96 𝑚𝑊𝑏.
𝐸ph = 4.44𝑓∅𝑇𝐾p𝐾d = 4.44×60×0.1×72×0.98× 0.96 = 1805 V
When connected as dc generator, Eg = (∅𝑍𝑁𝑃/60𝐴) = (49.96𝑥0.001𝑋600𝑥1500)/60 = 750 𝑉;
𝐸line = √3 × 1805 = 3125 𝑉 Where, A=P, Z= 15x4x10 = 600, N = (120x50)/4 = 1500 RPM.
12. A 1000 kVA, 3300V, 3 phase, star connected alternator delivers full load current at rated voltage 15. A given 3 MVA, 50 Hz., 11kV, 3 phase, Y connected alternator when supplying 100A at zero pf Solution: Solution:
at 0.8 pf. Lagging. The resistance and synchronous reactance of the machine per phase are o.5 ohm leading has a line to line voltage of 12,370V; when the load is removed, the terminal voltage falls 120ƒ 120×50
120ƒ 120×60 (a) 𝑁 = = = 1000 r/min.
and 5 ohm respectively. Estimate the terminal voltage for the same excitation and same load current at down to 11,000V. Predict the regulation of the alternator when supplying full load at 0.8 lagging. (a) 𝑁 = = = 1800 r/min. 4 6
4 4
0.8 pf leading. Assume an effective resistance of 0.4 ohm per phase. Alternatively, the speed expressed in radians per second is
(b) At no load, 𝑉t = 𝑉∅ = 𝐸A = 480𝑉 𝑤 = (1000 𝑟/ min) × 1min) × 2π rad ) = 125.7 rad/s.
Solution: Solution: Y connected, 3MVA, 11kV, Ra = 0.4 ohm, Xs = ? (c) If the generator is supplying 1200A, then the armature current in the machine is, m ( (
1200 60s 1r Angle between 𝐸A & 𝑉∅ was not
𝐼A = = 692.8𝐴. (b).
Y connected, 1000 kVA, 3300V, 0.8 pf lagging, Ra=0.5 ohm & Xs=5 ohm Case 1 √3 mentioned. So, We can not use
Case 2 (1) for lagging PF, the equation of 𝐸A = 𝑉 ∅ +
∅1 = 36.870 lagging 100A, ∅ = 900 (leading). 𝐸A = 𝑉 ∅ + 𝑗𝑋s𝐼A + 𝑅A𝐼A
Case-2 ∅2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠–10.8 = 36.870 𝐸A2 = (𝑉∅ + 𝑋s𝐼A𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2+(𝑋s𝐼A𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2 𝑗𝑋s𝐼A + 𝑅A𝐼A
12370
Case-1 𝐸1 (𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒) = = 7141.823 𝑉 = 480 + 692.8∠ − 36.870(0.015 + 𝑗0.1) 2772 = [ 𝑉∅ + 1.0 × 60 × 0.6)2+ [ 1.0 × 60 × 0.8)2
∅2 = 36.870 leading, 𝑉t2 =? √3 3×106 When 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ = 0.8, 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ = 0.6
𝐼= √3×11×103 = 157.46 𝐴 𝑉∅ = 236.8 V
1000 × 103 11000 = 532∠5.3 0 V.
𝐼= = 175𝐴 I = 175A, 𝐸A2 = 𝐸A1 = 2582.74∠14.520 𝑉 (𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒) = = 6350.85 𝑉
√3 × 3300 t √3 𝐸A = 𝑉t + (𝐼∠ − ∅) × (𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠) 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑌 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑, 𝑉t = √3 × 236.8 = 410 𝑉
𝐸A2 = 𝑉t2 + (𝐼∠ − ∅) × (𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠) To keep the terminal voltage at 480V, 𝐸A must be adjusted to 532V. From fig., the required
𝐸A1 = 𝑉t1 + (𝐼∠ − ∅) × (𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠) 𝐸A = 𝑉t + (𝐼∠ − ∅) × (𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠) field current is 5.7A.
𝐸A = 1000/√3 + (157.46∠ − 36. 870 ) × (0.4 + 𝑗7.9) (2) for 1.0 PF,
2582.74∠14.520 = 𝑉t2+(175∠36.870) × (0.5 + 𝑗5)
3300
+ (175∠ − 36.870 ) × (0.5 + 𝑗5) 7141.823 = 6350.85 + (100∠90) × (0.4 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠) 𝐸A2 = (𝑉∅ + 𝑋s𝐼A𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2+(𝑋s𝐼A𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2
𝐸A1 = = 7211.43∠7. 370 V (d) The power that the generator is now supplying can be found from
1.7320
𝑉t2 = 2957.11∠−2.0340 V 2772 = [ 𝑉∅ + 1.0 × 60 × 0)2+ [ 1.0 × 60 × 1)2
Xs = 7.9 ohm. 𝑃out = √3 𝑉t𝐼L𝑐𝑜𝑠∅. Stray losses were not
𝐸A1 = 2582.74∠14.520 V
𝑉t2(line) = 5121.67 V. E A–Vt 7211.43–6350.85 = √3 × 480 × 1200 × 0.8 specified. So they are ignored. 𝑉∅ = 270.4 V
% 𝑅𝑒𝑔 = × 100 = × 100 = 13.55
Vt 6350.85 = 798 kw. 𝑉t = √3 × 270.4 = 468.4 𝑉
𝑃in = 𝑃out + 𝐶𝑢 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 + 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 + 𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 + 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 (3) 𝐸A2 = (𝑉∅ + 𝑋s𝐼A𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2+(𝑋s𝐼A𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2
13. Find the synchronous impedance and reactance of an alternator in which a given field current
= 798 + 3 × 692.82 × 0.015 × 10–3 + 30 + 40
produces an armature current of 200A on short circuit and a generated emf of 50V on open circuit. 2772 = [ 𝑉 ∅ − 1.0 × 60 × 0.6)2+ [ 1.0 × 60 × 0.8)2
16. A 480-V, 60-Hz, delta connected, four-pole synchronous generator has the OCC shown in = 889.6 kW.
The armature resistance is 0.1ohm. To what induced voltage must the alternator be excited if it is to 798x100 𝑉∅ = 308.8 V
deliver a load of 100A at a pf of 0.8 lagging, with a terminal voltage of 200V. Figure. This generator has a synchronous reactance of 0.1 ohm and an armature resistance of 0.015 𝜂= = 89.75%
889.6 𝑉t = √3 × 308.8 = 535 𝑉
ohm, At full load, the machine supplies 1200 A at 0.8 PF lagging. Under full-load conditions, the
(e) If the load of the generator were suddenly dropped to zero, the terminal voltage would rise to
friction and windage losses are 40 kW, and the core losses are 30 kW. Ignore any field circuit losses.
Solution: 532V.
(C). The output power of this generator at 60A and 0.8 PF lagging is
a. What is the speed of rotation of this generator? (f) 𝐸A = 𝑉∅ + 𝑗𝑋s𝐼A + 𝑅A𝐼A
Ra = 0.1 ohm, 𝐼 = 100𝐴, 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ = 0.8, ∅ = 36.87 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔. 𝑃out = 3 𝑉phase𝐼A𝑐𝑜𝑠∅.
b. How much field current must be supplied to the generator to make the terminal voltage = 480 + 692.8∠36.870(0.015 + 𝑗0.1)
480 V at no load? = 451∠7.1 0 V. = 3 × 236.8 × 60 × 0.8
Vt = 200 V.
c. If the generator is now connected to a load and the load draws 1200 A at 0.8 PF lagging, (g) To keep the terminal voltage at 480V, 𝐸A must be adjusted to 451V. From fig., the required = 34.1 kw.
𝐸A = 𝑉t + (𝐼∠ − ∅) × (𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠) how much field current will be required to keep the terminal voltage equal to 480 V? field current is 4.1 A. 𝑃in = 𝑃out + 𝐶𝑢 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 + 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 + 𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 + 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
d. How much power is tile generator now supplying? How much power is supplied to the = 34.1 + 0 + 1 + 1.5
= 200 + (100∠ − 36.870) × (0.1 + 𝑗0.229) Stray losses were not
generator by the prime mover? What is this machine's overall efficiency? = 36.6 kW. specified. So they are ignored.
17. A 480-V, 50-Hz, Y-connected, six-pole synchronous generator has a per-phase synchronous
= 222∠3.180 V e. If the generator's load were suddenly disconnected from the line, what would happen to 5=
134.1x100
= 93.2%
reactance of 1.0 D. Its full-load armature current is 60 A at 0.8 PF lagging. This generator has friction 36.6
its terminal voltage?
and windage losses of 1.5 kW and core losses of 1.0 kW at 60 Hz at full load. Since the armature
f. Finally, suppose that the generator is connected to a load drawing 1200 A at 0.8 PF
resistance is being ignored, assume that the 𝐼2𝑅 losses are negligible. The field current has been (d). The input torque to this generator is given by the equation,
14. A 3 phase, 10kVA, 400V, 50Hz, Y connected alternator supplies the rated load at 0.8 pf lagging. leading. How much field current would be required to keep VT at 400V?
adjusted so that the terminal voltage is 480 V at no load.
Armature resistance is 0.5 ohm and synchronous reactance is 10 ohms, find the power angle and 𝑃in = 𝑇app𝑤m
[EGCB-14, AE] 36.6
voltage regulation. a. What is the speed of rotation of this generator? 𝑇app 𝑤m = = 271.3 𝑁. 𝑚
125.7
b. What is the terminal voltage of this generator if the following are true?
Solution:
1. It is loaded with the rated current at 0.8 PF lagging.
Y connected, 10 kVA, 400V, Ra = 0.5 ohm, Xs = 10 ohm. 2. It is loaded with the rated current at 1.0 PF. (e). The voltage regulation of a generator is defined as
Vnl–Vfl
3. It is loaded with the rated current at 0.8 PF leading. 𝑉𝑅 = × 100
𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ = 0.8, ∅ = 36.87 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔. Vfl
400
c. What is the efficiency of this generator (ignoring the unknown electrical losses) when it is 480–410
+ (14.43∠ − 36.870) × (0.5 + 𝑗10) 1. 𝐿𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒, 𝑉𝑅 = × 100 = 17.1%
10 × 103 𝐸A = operating at the rated current and 0.8 PF lagging? 410
𝐼= = 14.43𝐴 √3 480–468
d. How much shaft torque must be applied by the prime mover at full load? How large is the 2. 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒, 𝑉𝑅 = × 100 = 2.6%
√3 × 400 = 341.85∠18.960 V 468
induced counter torque? 480–535
So, Power angle is 18.960 3. 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒, 𝑉𝑅 = × 100 = −10.3%
e. What is the voltage regulation of this generator at 0.8 PF lagging? At 1.0 PF? At 0.8 PF 535
% 𝑅𝑒𝑔 =
E A–Vt
× 100 =
341.85–400/√3
× 100 = 48.03 leading?
Vt 400/√3

18. Find the power angle When a 1500 KVA, 6.6KV, 3 phase, Y-connected alternator having a 21. A 3-Phase, 11-KVA, 10-MW, Y-Connected synchronous generator has synchronous impedance 24. A 750 KVA, 2300 V, Y connected , 3-phase alternator has open and short circuit test. Following Practice Problem
resistance of 0.4 ohm and a reactance of 6 ohm per phase. Delivering a full load current at normal of (0.8+j8.0) ohm per phase. If the excitation is such that the open circuit voltage is 14 KV, determine data are achieved from those test:
rated voltage and 0.8 pf lagging. [EGCB-14, AE] (a) The maximum output of the generator (b)The current and (c) pf at the maximum output. [NPCL- Short circuit test: If= 31.5 A, IL = rated 27. A 3 phase, star connected alternator supplies a load of 10MW at 0.85 lagging and at 11 kV
17, AE] terminal voltage. Its resistance is 0.1 ohm per phase and synchronous reactance 0.66 ohm per phase.
Soln: Open circuit test: I f= 31.5 A, VL = 1050 V
Calculate the line value of emf generated.
3
Soln: Dc resistance across the pair terminals wave measured 0.42 ohm. Calculate the voltage regulation at
V = 6.6×10 = 3810.51 V ; I 1500×103 = 131.22 A 0.8 pf lagging. [PGCB-11,AE] [11.486 kV]
(Ph) √3 a (Ph)=
√3×6.6×103 (a) If we neglect Ra , the Pmax per phase = EV/Xs (Where V is the terminal voltage and E is the emf of Soln:
the machine.) 28. The effective resistance of a 1200 kVA, 3.3kV, 50 Hz, 3 phase Y connected alternator is 0.25
Eg (Ph)= VPh+ Ia Zs 3
I =750×10 = 188.26 A ohm per phase. A field current of 35A produces a current of 200A on short circuit and 1.1kV (line to
EpℎVpℎ F.L
√3×2300 line) on open circuit. Valculate the power angle and p.u change in magnitude of the terminal voltage
= 3810.51∠0°+(131.22∠ − 36.87°)(0.4+j6) = 4366.1∠7.88° ∴ Maximum Power of generator,(3-Phase) ,Pmax = 3
Xs when the full load of 100kVA at 0.8 lagging pf is thrown off. Draw the corresponding phasor
Z /Phase= Voc/ Phase = 1050/√3 = 3.22 ohm
Load angle, 𝛿= 7.88° Ans. (11000⁄√3)×(14000⁄√3) s diagram. [Exam 37.27,
Isc / Phase 188.26
Pmax = = 19.25 MW
8
DC resistance / Phase = 0.42 = 0.21 Ans: 12 degree, 0.26]
√(14000/√3)2×(11000/√3)2 2
19. A 3 Phase 10 MVA, 400V, 50Hz Y connected alternator supplies the rated load 0.8 pf lagging. It 2+V2 29. A 2000 kVA, 11 kV, 3 phase Y connected alternator has a resistance of 0.3 ohm and reactance of
(b) Imax = √E = = 1287 𝐴 Ac effective resistance / Phase, Ra = 0.21×1.5 = 0.315 ohm
has synchronous reactance 0.635 ohm. Find the torque angle. [BGFCL-17,AE ] Xs 8 5 ohm per phase. It delivers full load current at 0.8 lagging pf at rated voltage. Compute the terminal
voltage for the same excitation and load current at 0.8 pf leading.
Soln: (c) pf = = E 14000/√3 Xs = √32 − 0.3152 = 3.205 ohm
= = 0.786 (𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑)
√E2+V2 √(14000/√3) 2×(11000/√3)2
6 [Ans: 6975 V]
V = 400 = 213 V ; I = 10×10 = 14.43× 103 A cos φ= 0.8 Eo /Phase = Vph+ IaZs = 1327.91 ∠0° + ( 188.28∠ − 36.87°)(0.315+j3.205) = 1793.98∠14.43°
P a
√3 √3×400 30. The following test results are obtained from a 3 phase, 6000kVA, 6600V, Y connected, 2 pole, 50
sin φ= 0.6 ∴ % Voltage regulation = Eo–VFL × 100
Vp sin φ+IaXs VFL Hz turbo alternator:
tan(φ + 𝛿)= 22. Can a generator rated 400V, 60 Hz be used in a 50 Hz system? Yes or no? why?
V p Cos φ+IaRa
= 1793.98–13 .91 × 100 = 35.09% Ans. With a field current of 125A, the open circuit voltage is 8000V at the rated speed; with the same field
231×0.6+14.43×103×0.635 [NWPGCL-14, AE] 1327.91 current and rated speed, the short circuit current is 800A. At the rated full load, the resistance drop is
tan(φ + 𝛿)=
231×0.8+1 .43×103×0 3%. Find the regulation of the alternator on full load and at a pf of 0.8 lagging.
Ans. Yes a 400 V, 60 Hz generator can be used in a 50 Hz system. Both voltage and apparent power
tan(φ + 𝛿)= 88.86° would have to be rated by factor of 50/60. [Ans: 62.2%]
25. A generator is supplying a load of 1000 KW at 0.8 PF lagging.A second load of 800 KW at 0.707
𝛿=88.86° − 36.86° = 52° So its voltage rating reduced to (50/60) × 400 = 333.33 V PF lagging is to be connected in parallel with the 1st one. Generator has no load frequency is 61 Hz.
Determine the operating frequency before and after connecting the second load. Assume generator
slope Sp is 1MW/ Hz. [CPGCBL-18, AE]
20. A 10 MVA, 6.6KV, 50HZ,3 phase alternator has synchronous reactance of 0.635 ohm. It is 23. At a location in Europe, it is necessary to supply 1000 KW of 60 Hz power. The only power Soln:
working full load at 0.8 lagging condition. Find its load angle. Neglect armature resistance.[PGCB- source available operate at 50 Hz. It is described to generate the Power by means of a motor-generator
18,AE] set consisting of a synchronous motor driving a synchronous generator. How many poles should each P= S p (fNL −
P fsys)
f =f −
Soln: of two machines have in order to convert 50 Hz power to 60 Hz power? [NWPGCL-17,AE] sys NL Sp
3 1
10×106 = 874.77 A ; V = 6.6×10 = 3810.51 V Soln: ∴Operating frequency before connecting second load, fsys(1) = 61− 1 = 60 Hz Ans.
Ia (Ph) = (Ph) 120×50 1.8
√3×6.6×10 3 √3
N = 120ƒ1 = = Synchronous speed of synchronous motor. Operating frequency after connecting second load, f sys(2) = 61− = 59.2 Hz Ans.
s1 1
P1 P1
Eg (Ph)= VPh+ Ia Xs 120×60
N = 120ƒ2 = = Synchronous speed of synchronous generator.
s2 P2 P2
= 3810.51∠0°+(874.77∠ − 36.87°)(j0.635) = 4167.56∠6.12° 26. Two synchronous generator are supplying a total load of 35MW at 0.8 pf lagging. The no load
∴Ns1=Ns2 frequencies of generator-1 and generator-2 are 51.5 Hz and 51 Hz respectively . The slope of the
Load angle, 𝛿= 6.12° Ans. 120 × 50 120 × 60 frequency is 1MW/ Hz. Determine the operating frequency of the system. [GTCL-18 AE]
=
𝑃1 𝑃2
𝑃2 60 Soln:
=
𝑃1 50 P1 = Sp1 (fNL1 − fsystem)
P2 6×2 12
= = P2 = Sp2 (fNL2 − fsystem)
P1 5×2 10
Therefore, a 10 synchronous motor must be coupled to a 12 pole synchronous generator to ∴P1+P2 = 35
accomplish, This frequency conversion. ∴35 = 1 MW/Hz (51.5 − fsystem) + 1 MW/Hz (51 − fsystem)
→35 = 51.5 − f system + 51 − fsystem
→ fsystem =49.5 Hz Ans.