Machine Design 1: BASAEN, RV

α = factor for column action

8. COMBINED STRESSES 𝐹𝐹 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑆𝑆1 + 𝑆𝑆2 = 𝛼𝛼 +
𝐴𝐴 𝐼𝐼
Possible Combinations of Stresses
A. Combined Normal Stresses
B. Combined Shear Stresses Thus, the most stressed part is point ‘𝑏𝑏’,
C. Combined Normal and Shear Stresses
𝑺𝑺𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝑺𝑺𝟏𝟏 + 𝑺𝑺𝟐𝟐 ⇒ 𝑺𝑺𝒅𝒅
Note: Where,
1. The first two are treated by means of a α = 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
resultant stress. The equivalent maximum
stress of the combination is the resultant of Note:
the stresses involved. Take the expression of α from Euler Equation for
2. The equivalent maximum stress of the last long columns or from the J. B. Johnson Equation for short
combination can be determined with the aid columns unless otherwise specified by the problem.
of the two Maximum stress theories: the
Maximum Shear stress theory and the B. Combined Shear Stresses
Maximum Normal stress theory.
e F

A. Combined Normal Stresses

1 2
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 +
c.g.
𝑆𝑆2 = (𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐. )
F 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝐼𝐼
e 𝑆𝑆2 =
𝐼𝐼
(𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡) 3

A A 𝐹𝐹
F
𝑆𝑆1 = 𝛼𝛼 (𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐. )
𝐴𝐴

1 2
+
c.g.
3
𝑆𝑆 = 𝑆𝑆2 − 𝑆𝑆1
(𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡) 𝑇𝑇 = 𝐹𝐹(𝑒𝑒)
𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑆𝑆2 + 𝑆𝑆1
(𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)
𝑎𝑎 Maximum shear stress on rivet 3:
𝑏𝑏
+
c.g.

+
Ss2 Ss1
Analysis for section 𝐴𝐴 − 𝐴𝐴, θ
SsR
𝑭𝑭 𝑭𝑭
𝑒𝑒
𝑴𝑴

𝑭𝑭 where
𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 Ss = direct shear stress
𝑭𝑭 𝐹𝐹
bending couple 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 = : (constant for each rivet)
𝑴𝑴 = 𝑭𝑭(𝒆𝒆) 𝑴𝑴 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠
axis of column 𝑭𝑭
Ss’ = secondary shear stress
where 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 ′ = : (varies with distance ρ)
𝐹𝐹 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝐽𝐽𝑐𝑐
𝑆𝑆1 = 𝛼𝛼 : 𝑆𝑆2 = ( farthest rivet from c. g. has the greatest Ss′ )
𝐴𝐴 𝐼𝐼
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π
𝐽𝐽𝑐𝑐 = 𝛴𝛴(𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝜌𝜌2 ): 𝐴𝐴 = �4� 𝑑𝑑2 Axial and torsional loads
T
SsR = resultant shear stress
F
F D
𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = �(𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠1 2 + 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠2 2 + 2𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠1 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠2 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝜃𝜃) T
T

Note: 𝐹𝐹 4𝐹𝐹
The most stressed rivet, or the most heavily loaded 𝑆𝑆 = =
𝐴𝐴 𝜋𝜋𝐷𝐷2
(MHL) rivet has the greatest magnitude of 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 (not
necessarily the farthest rivet from c.g.). It must be the basis 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 16𝑇𝑇
in designing the joint. 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 = =
𝐽𝐽 𝜋𝜋𝐷𝐷3

𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔𝑹𝑹𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 = �(𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝟐𝟐 + 𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝟐𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝜽𝜽) ⇒ 𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 from

𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆 2
𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = + ��𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠2 + � � �
C. Combined Normal and Shear Stresses 2 2

If a shear stress is combined to a normal stress,

from the Maximum Shear Stress Theory the resulting 16 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 2
𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = � + �𝑇𝑇 2 + � � �
maximum shear stress is: 𝜋𝜋𝐷𝐷3 8 8
𝑆𝑆 2 also, from
𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = ��𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 2 + � � � : eqn (1)
2
𝑆𝑆 2
𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = ��𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠2 + � � �
2
If a shear stress is combined to a normal stress,
from the Maximum Normal Stress Theory the
resulting maximum normal stress is: 16 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 2
𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = �� 2
𝑇𝑇 + � � �
𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆 2 𝜋𝜋𝐷𝐷3 8
𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = + ��𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 2 + � � � : eqn 2
2 2
where:
S = normal stress applied (𝐹𝐹/𝐴𝐴 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀/𝐼𝐼) Flexural and torsional loads
Ss = shear stress applied (𝐹𝐹/𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇/𝐽𝐽)
Ssmax = maximum shear stress M T M
Smax = maximum normal stress
D
Combined loads for a shaft:
The following load combinations may apply T
simultaneously to a shaft:
1. Axial and flexural loads 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 32𝑀𝑀 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 16𝑇𝑇
2. Axial and torsional loads 𝑆𝑆 = = : 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 = =
𝐼𝐼 𝜋𝜋𝐷𝐷3 𝐽𝐽 𝜋𝜋𝐷𝐷3
3. Torsional and flexural loads
4. Axial, torsional and flexural loads from
𝑆𝑆 2 𝑆𝑆 2
𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = ��
+ 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 + � ��
Axial and flexural loads 2 2
M M 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝑺𝑺𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = �𝑴𝑴 + �𝑻𝑻𝟐𝟐 + 𝑴𝑴𝟐𝟐 �
F 𝝅𝝅𝑫𝑫𝟑𝟑
F D
and from
𝑆𝑆 2
𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = ��𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 2 + � � �:
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝐹𝐹 32 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 2
𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = + = �𝑀𝑀 + �
𝐼𝐼 𝐴𝐴 𝜋𝜋𝐷𝐷3 8 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = ��𝑻𝑻𝟐𝟐 + 𝑴𝑴𝟐𝟐 �
𝝅𝝅𝑫𝑫𝟑𝟑
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 Machine Design 1: BASAEN, RV

Axial, flexural and torsional loads Solution:

M T M

F F
D

T
𝑭𝑭
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝐹𝐹 32 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 16𝑇𝑇
𝑆𝑆 = + = �𝑀𝑀 + �: 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 = = 𝑴𝑴
𝐼𝐼 𝐴𝐴 𝜋𝜋𝐷𝐷3 8 𝐽𝐽 𝜋𝜋𝐷𝐷3 𝑾𝑾𝑩𝑩 𝑾𝑾𝑳𝑳
from
𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆 2 𝑴𝑴
𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = + ��𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 2 + � � �:
2 2 6 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑭𝑭
𝟐𝟐
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭 𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭 12 ft
𝑺𝑺𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = �𝑴𝑴 + + �𝑻𝑻𝟐𝟐 + �𝑴𝑴 + � �
𝝅𝝅𝑫𝑫𝟑𝟑 𝟖𝟖 𝟖𝟖

and from
𝑆𝑆 2
𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = �𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠2 + � �
2

𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭 𝟐𝟐
𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = ��𝑻𝑻𝟐𝟐 + �𝑴𝑴 + � �
𝝅𝝅𝑫𝑫𝟑𝟑 𝟖𝟖

Example 1:
The column of a jib crane loaded as shown. The jib
weighs about 0.5 kip. Due to a rigid connector at the upper
part of the column, it can be considered that the critical
section has a length of about 12 ft. The hollow column can
be considered as a cantilever with one end fixed and the
other end free. (a) What outside diameter of the hollow
column should be recommended based on a material yield
strength of 48 ksi (mild steel) and a factor of safety of 4,
based on the yield point? Use the appropriate column
formula. (b) Solve part (a), if the Straight line column
formula is applicable.

e = 12 ft

bearing
housing 6 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

𝑊𝑊𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 = 0.5 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴
L = 12 ft
𝐹𝐹 = 9.5 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
hollow column

𝐷𝐷𝑖𝑖 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 𝐷𝐷𝑖𝑖 = 0.5𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜

Section A-A
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Example 2:
Determine the resultant shear stress of the most
heavily loaded rivet from the joint loaded as shown use 𝑑𝑑
= 25 for each rivet. The joint is held by three rivets
of uniform diameter of 25 mm, as shown.

90 200

𝐅𝐅 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤

1 2
120
3

(Dimensions in mm)

Solution:

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 Machine Design 1: BASAEN, RV

𝜎𝜎(𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑) = 𝑆𝑆(𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑)𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 + 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 (𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑)𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

+ 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 (𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑)𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜎𝜎 = 𝑆𝑆 � � 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 + 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 � � 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 + 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 � � 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
But,
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠: 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Thus,
𝜎𝜎 = 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛2 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 (2𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠)
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 2𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜃𝜃𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2𝜃𝜃
2
𝜎𝜎 = 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 (𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2𝜃𝜃)

Excerpt from MDB (Last Topic): Also,

Derivation of the Maximum Stress Formulas 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐2𝜃𝜃 = cos2 𝜃𝜃 − sin2 𝜃𝜃 : 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐2𝜃𝜃 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝜃𝜃
1 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐2𝜃𝜃
Case 3. Combined Shear and Normal Stresses sin2 𝜃𝜃 =
2
Then,
T stress element (1 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐2𝜃𝜃)
𝜎𝜎 = 𝑆𝑆 + 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 (𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2𝜃𝜃)
2
𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆
𝜎𝜎 = − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐2𝜃𝜃 + 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 (𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2𝜃𝜃) → 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 (1)
F F 2 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
To maximize 𝜎𝜎, take 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0. Thus,
T
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑆𝑆
= 0 − (−𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2𝜃𝜃)2 + 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 (𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐2𝜃𝜃(2) = 0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2
Note: 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2𝜃𝜃 2𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠
For the succeeding discussion about = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡2𝜃𝜃 = −
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐2𝜃𝜃 𝑆𝑆
combined normal and shear stresses, the symbols
S and Ss will be used for normal and shear
stresses, respectively. 2𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠
2𝜃𝜃 𝑆𝑆
Stresses on the element: −𝑆𝑆 2𝜃𝜃
−2𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠
𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 𝐻𝐻

𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 𝑣𝑣
𝑆𝑆
where
𝑆𝑆
2𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑆
𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 𝑣𝑣 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2𝜃𝜃 = ± : 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐2𝜃𝜃 = ±
�4𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠2 + 𝑆𝑆 2 �4𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠2 + 𝑆𝑆 2
𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 𝐻𝐻
Then, substituting 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2𝜃𝜃 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐2𝜃𝜃 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 (1)
Equilibrium of forces on an arbitrary surface of the
𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆 2𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠
element: 𝜎𝜎 = − �± � + 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 �± �
2 2 �4𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 + 𝑆𝑆 2 2 �4𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠2 + 𝑆𝑆 2
𝑆𝑆 2 1 𝑆𝑆 2
𝑆𝑆 2𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠2 + 2 2 𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠2 + �2�
𝜎𝜎 = ± = ±
2 �4𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠2 + 𝑆𝑆 2 1 2 2
𝑆𝑆(𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑) 2 �𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠2 + �𝑆𝑆�
2
𝜃𝜃
𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆 2
𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 (𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑)
𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 (𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑) 𝜎𝜎 = ± �𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠2 + � �
2 2
… which means that
Derivation of the Maximum Shear Stress Equation: 𝑺𝑺 𝑺𝑺 𝟐𝟐
[𝚺𝚺𝑭𝑭𝑨𝑨−𝑨𝑨 = 𝟎𝟎] 𝝈𝝈𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝝈𝝈𝟏𝟏 = + �𝑺𝑺𝟐𝟐𝒔𝒔 + � �
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐

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… and Solution:
(a) Failure due to normal stress
𝑺𝑺 𝑺𝑺 𝟐𝟐
𝝈𝝈𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝝈𝝈𝟐𝟐 = − �𝑺𝑺𝟐𝟐𝒔𝒔 + � � Orientation of 𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
Also, From
𝟐𝟐𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔 𝟐𝟐𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔
𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝜽𝜽𝝈𝝈 = − 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝜽𝜽𝝈𝝈 = − _: 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 = 0, 𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦 = 0
𝑺𝑺 �𝑺𝑺𝒙𝒙 − 𝑺𝑺𝒚𝒚 �
Thus,
For biaxial stresses, normal stresses act at the orthogonal
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡2𝜃𝜃𝜎𝜎 = 0: 𝜃𝜃𝜎𝜎 = 0
x and y-axes,

𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 𝐻𝐻
𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦 The angle shows the orientation (or line of
action) of the normal stress for its effect to be
𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 𝑣𝑣 𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 maximum. Since the normal stress should be
perpendicular to the surface, then the failure of
𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 𝑣𝑣 the member is along the y-axis as shown.
𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 𝐻𝐻 𝑭𝑭 𝑭𝑭
𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦
Failure due to normal stress occurs here.
𝟐𝟐 (This is a typical failure for brittle materials.)
𝑺𝑺𝒙𝒙 + 𝑺𝑺𝒚𝒚 𝑺𝑺𝒙𝒙 − 𝑺𝑺𝒚𝒚
𝝈𝝈𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝝈𝝈𝟏𝟏 = + �𝑺𝑺𝟐𝟐𝒔𝒔 + � �
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
(b) Failure due to shear stress
… and
Orientation of 𝜏𝜏𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝟐𝟐
𝑺𝑺𝒙𝒙 + 𝑺𝑺𝒚𝒚 𝑺𝑺 − 𝑺𝑺𝒚𝒚 From
𝝈𝝈𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝝈𝝈𝟐𝟐 = − �𝑺𝑺𝟐𝟐𝒔𝒔 + � 𝒙𝒙 � (𝑺𝑺𝒙𝒙 − 𝑺𝑺𝒚𝒚 )
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝜽𝜽𝝉𝝉 =
Also, 𝟐𝟐𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔
𝟐𝟐𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔 (𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 − 0)
𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝜽𝜽𝝈𝝈 = − 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡2𝜃𝜃𝜏𝜏 = = ∞: 2𝜎𝜎𝜏𝜏 = 90𝑜𝑜 : 𝜎𝜎𝜏𝜏 = 45𝑜𝑜
(𝑺𝑺𝒙𝒙 − 𝑺𝑺𝒚𝒚 ) 0
𝑭𝑭 𝑭𝑭
Derivation of the Maximum Shear Stress Equation: 𝜽𝜽𝝉𝝉 = 𝟒𝟒𝟓𝟓𝒐𝒐
- similar to the above derivation, except that
[ΣFBB = 0] is used. Thus, for the generalized Failure due to shear stress occurs here.
(This is a typical start of failure for ductile materials.)
biaxial stress formulas,

𝜽𝜽𝝉𝝉 = 𝟒𝟒𝟓𝟓𝒐𝒐
𝑺𝑺𝒙𝒙 − 𝑺𝑺𝒚𝒚 𝟐𝟐
𝝉𝝉𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 �
= 𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔 + �
𝟐𝟐 �
𝟐𝟐 (This is a typical start of failure for ductile materials. First, a
… and neck is formed then the member snaps at its smallest cross
section where stress is also at its greatest magnitude)
𝑺𝑺𝒙𝒙 − 𝑺𝑺𝒚𝒚 𝟐𝟐
𝝉𝝉𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = −�𝑺𝑺𝟐𝟐𝒔𝒔 + � �
𝟐𝟐 Example 2:
Also, A specimen is loaded such that the tensile stress
(𝑺𝑺𝒙𝒙 − 𝑺𝑺𝒚𝒚 ) along the x-axis is 50 MPa and a shear stress of 20 MPa is
𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝜽𝜽𝝉𝝉 = also simultaneously applied. Determine the following: (a)
𝟐𝟐𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔
Example 1 Maximum normal stress and its line of action 𝜃𝜃𝜎𝜎 (b)
A specimen is loaded with a pure tensile load F as Maximum shear stress and its orientation 𝜃𝜃𝜏𝜏 (c) The same
shown. By computation, show the location of failure of as (a) and (b), except that an additional stress of 10 MPa
the specimen is its breakage is due to (a) normal stress, (compressive) acts along the y-axis.
and (b) shear stress. Show a supporting diagram of the stress element
for each case.
𝑭𝑭 𝑭𝑭

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Solution: (𝑺𝑺𝒙𝒙 − 𝑺𝑺𝒚𝒚 ) 50

𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝜽𝜽𝝉𝝉 = = : 2𝜃𝜃𝜏𝜏 = 51.34𝑜𝑜
(a) Uniaxial stress only: 𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ; 𝜃𝜃𝜎𝜎 =? 𝟐𝟐𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔 2(40)
𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 𝐻𝐻 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒:
𝑺𝑺 = 𝑺𝑺𝒙𝒙 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝜽𝜽𝝉𝝉 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝒐𝒐 (𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. )
𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 𝑣𝑣 𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦 = 0
𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 𝐻𝐻 = 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠
𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 𝑣𝑣
𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 𝐻𝐻

From the 𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 formula: 𝜃𝜃𝜏𝜏 = 25.07𝑜𝑜

𝑺𝑺𝒙𝒙 + 𝑺𝑺𝒚𝒚 𝑺𝑺𝒙𝒙 − 𝑺𝑺𝒚𝒚 𝟐𝟐

𝝈𝝈𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝝈𝝈𝟏𝟏 = �
+ 𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔𝟐𝟐 + � �
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
At this position, the stress element is under a
50 + 0 50 − 0 2 normal stress of 𝜎𝜎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 25𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝜎𝜎1 = + �0 + � �
2 2
𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 25 + 32.02 (c) Biaxial stress: 𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ; 𝜃𝜃𝜎𝜎 =? ; 𝜏𝜏𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ; 𝜃𝜃𝜏𝜏 =?
𝝈𝝈𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝝈𝝈𝟏𝟏 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. )
𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦

𝑺𝑺𝒙𝒙 + 𝑺𝑺𝒚𝒚 𝑺𝑺𝒙𝒙 − 𝑺𝑺𝒚𝒚 𝟐𝟐 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 𝐻𝐻

𝝈𝝈𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝝈𝝈𝟐𝟐 = − �𝑺𝑺𝟐𝟐𝒔𝒔 + � � 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒:
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 𝑣𝑣 𝑺𝑺 = 𝑺𝑺𝒙𝒙 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓
𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥
2 𝑺𝑺𝒚𝒚 = −𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
50 + 0 50 − 0 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 𝑣𝑣
𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝜎𝜎2 = − �0 + � � 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 𝐻𝐻 = 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
2 2 𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 25 − 32.02 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 𝐻𝐻
𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝜎𝜎2 = −7.02𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦
For 𝜽𝜽𝝈𝝈
𝟐𝟐𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔 2(20)
𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝜽𝜽𝝈𝝈 = − =− : 2𝜃𝜃𝜎𝜎 = −38.66𝑜𝑜 Substituting the given values into the formulas, we get the
�𝑺𝑺𝒙𝒙 − 𝑺𝑺𝒚𝒚 � 50 following values:
𝜽𝜽𝝈𝝈 = −𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝒐𝒐 (𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. ) 𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝜎𝜎1 = 56.06𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎. )
𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝜎𝜎2 = −16.06𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎. )
𝜽𝜽𝝈𝝈 = −𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝒐𝒐 (𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. )
𝜎𝜎1
𝜏𝜏𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝜏𝜏1 = 36.06𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎. )
𝜏𝜏𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝜏𝜏2 = −36.06𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎. )
𝜃𝜃𝜎𝜎 = 19.33𝑜𝑜 𝜽𝜽𝝉𝝉 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝒐𝒐 (𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. )

𝜎𝜎2 Example 3:
A shaft 80mm in diameter is acted upon by a bending
At this position, the shear stress 𝜏𝜏 on the
stress element is is zero.
moment of 3 kN-m and a twisting moment of 2kN-m that
are simultaneously applied. (a) Determine the resulting
maximum normal stress and maximum shear stress of the
(b) Uniaxial stress: 𝜏𝜏𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ; 𝜃𝜃𝜏𝜏 =? shaft. (b) Solve part (a), if the shaft is also simultaneously
𝑺𝑺𝒙𝒙 − 𝑺𝑺𝒚𝒚 𝟐𝟐 loaded with an axial tensile load of 10kN, on top of the
𝝉𝝉𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = �𝑺𝑺𝟐𝟐𝒔𝒔 + � � : loads in part (a).
𝟐𝟐
𝝉𝝉𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴(𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. ) Solution
… and T
𝑺𝑺𝒙𝒙 − 𝑺𝑺𝒚𝒚 𝟐𝟐
� 𝟐𝟐
𝝉𝝉𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = − 𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔 + � � :
𝟐𝟐 M D = 80mm M
𝝉𝝉𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = −𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. )
Also, T

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(a) 𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 , 𝜏𝜏𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =? Mohr’s Circle

M= 3x106 N-mm The calculation of the maximum stresses and the
T = 2x106 N-mm angles of orientation of these stresses can be graphically
represented by means of the Mohr’s circle. This represents
where all normal stresses along the horizontal axis and shear
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 32𝑀𝑀 32(3𝑥𝑥106 ) stresses along the vertical axis.
𝑆𝑆 = = =
𝐼𝐼 𝜋𝜋𝐷𝐷3 𝜋𝜋(803 ) 𝝉𝝉 𝝈𝝈𝟐𝟐
𝑆𝑆 = 59.68𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 (𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠)

𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 16𝑇𝑇 16(2𝑥𝑥106 ) 𝝉𝝉𝟏𝟏

𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 = = =
𝐽𝐽 𝜋𝜋𝐷𝐷3 𝜋𝜋(803 ) 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 2𝜃𝜃𝜏𝜏 𝑹𝑹
0 2𝜃𝜃𝜎𝜎
𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 = 19.89𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 (𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠) 𝝈𝝈
−𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠
𝝉𝝉𝟐𝟐
For 𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =?
𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 − 𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦
𝑺𝑺𝒙𝒙 + 𝑺𝑺𝒚𝒚 𝑺𝑺𝒙𝒙 − 𝑺𝑺𝒚𝒚 𝟐𝟐 𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 2
𝝈𝝈𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = + �𝑺𝑺𝟐𝟐𝒔𝒔 + � � : 𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦 = 0
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 + 𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦
2 2
59.68 59.68 𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦
𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = + �19.892 + � �
2 2 𝝈𝝈𝟏𝟏
𝝈𝝈𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕(𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. )
Construction of the Mohr’s circle:
For 𝜏𝜏𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =? Mohr’s circle is constructed with the following
inputs: 𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 , 𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 :
𝑺𝑺𝒙𝒙 − 𝑺𝑺𝒚𝒚 𝟐𝟐
𝝉𝝉𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = �𝑺𝑺𝟐𝟐𝒔𝒔 + � � 1. The normal stresses are plotted along the horizontal
𝟐𝟐 axis. Signs of 𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦 are significant. Negative
𝝉𝝉𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖(𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. ) values are plotted to the left of point ‘0’.
2. The shear stress 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 is plotted along the vertical axis,
(b) 𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 , 𝜏𝜏𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =? but it should be in pair -- one positive and one negative
M= 3x106 N-mm stress values.
T = 2x106 N-mm 3. Projection from the above values leads to the
F = 10kN = 10 000 N construction of a rectangle. The center of this rectangle
becomes the center of the Mohr’s circle of radius R.
T
4. The Mohr’s circle is then drawn with radius R. From
F F the extreme locus of points on this circle, the
M D = 80mm M magnitudes of the maximum stresses 𝜎𝜎1 , 𝜎𝜎2 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝜏𝜏𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
are determined. These magnitudes are more accurately
T computed as:

This is the same as (a), except that the normal 𝑺𝑺𝒙𝒙 − 𝑺𝑺𝒚𝒚 𝟐𝟐
stress is affected by the axial loading F = 10 000 𝑹𝑹 = �𝑺𝑺𝟐𝟐𝒔𝒔 + � � : 𝑹𝑹 = 𝝉𝝉𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝟐𝟐
N, the resultant normal stress becomes:
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝐹𝐹 10000 𝑺𝑺𝒙𝒙 + 𝑺𝑺𝒚𝒚
𝑆𝑆 = 𝑆𝑆1 + 𝑆𝑆2 = + = 59.68 + 𝜋𝜋 : 𝝈𝝈𝟏𝟏 = + 𝑹𝑹: 𝝈𝝈𝟏𝟏 = 𝝈𝝈𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝐼𝐼 𝐴𝐴 (802 ) 𝟐𝟐
4 𝑺𝑺𝒙𝒙 + 𝑺𝑺𝒚𝒚
𝑆𝑆 = 61.67𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 (𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠) 𝝈𝝈𝟐𝟐 = − 𝑹𝑹: 𝝈𝝈𝟐𝟐 = 𝝈𝝈𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝟐𝟐
Still,
𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 = 19.89𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 (𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠) 𝑺𝑺𝒙𝒙 + 𝑺𝑺𝒚𝒚 𝝈𝝈𝟏𝟏 + 𝝈𝝈𝟐𝟐
𝝈𝝈𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 = : 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝝈𝝈𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 =
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
Thus, with these values the resulting maximum stresses 𝟐𝟐𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔
become 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝟐𝟐𝜽𝜽𝝈𝝈 = − : 𝜽𝜽 = ____
�𝑺𝑺𝒙𝒙 − 𝑺𝑺𝒚𝒚 � 𝝈𝝈
𝝈𝝈𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓(𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. ) 𝟐𝟐𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔
𝝉𝝉𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔(𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. ) 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝟐𝟐𝜽𝜽𝝉𝝉 = − : 𝜽𝜽 = ____
�𝑺𝑺𝒙𝒙 − 𝑺𝑺𝒚𝒚 � 𝝉𝝉
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Example 1: 𝜎𝜎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 20𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀

With the aid of the Mohr’s circle, determine
𝜏𝜏𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 , 𝜃𝜃𝜏𝜏 , 𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 and 𝜃𝜃𝜎𝜎 if the stresses that are involved are 𝟐𝟐𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔
𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝟐𝟐𝜽𝜽𝝈𝝈 = −
𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 = 50 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀, 𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦 = −10 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 = 20 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀. �𝑺𝑺𝒙𝒙 − 𝑺𝑺𝒚𝒚 �
2(20)
Solution: ta n 2𝜃𝜃𝜎𝜎 = − : 2𝜃𝜃𝜎𝜎 = −33.69𝑜𝑜 :
�50 − (−10)�
Following the procedure in plotting the Mohr’s circle,
𝜽𝜽𝝈𝝈 = −𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝟓𝟓𝒐𝒐 (𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. )
the rectangle and eventually the circle have been formed as
shown. (𝑺𝑺𝒙𝒙 − 𝑺𝑺𝒚𝒚 )
𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝟐𝟐𝜽𝜽𝝉𝝉 =
𝟐𝟐𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔
𝝉𝝉 (50 − (−10))
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 2𝜃𝜃𝜏𝜏 = : 2𝜃𝜃𝜏𝜏 = 56.31𝑜𝑜 :
2(20)
𝜽𝜽𝝉𝝉 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝒐𝒐 (𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. )
𝝉𝝉𝟏𝟏
𝑹𝑹 Example 2:
20 2𝜃𝜃𝜏𝜏 A machine member is acted upon by forces such
2𝜃𝜃𝜎𝜎 that the resulting stresses are:
𝝈𝝈 Sx = 50 MPa (tensile along x-axis)
0
Ss = 15 MPa (torsional)
20
(a) Determine the maximum normal stress from the
𝝉𝝉𝟐𝟐 combination and its orientation, 𝜃𝜃𝜎𝜎
(b) Determine the maximum shear stress & its
orientation 𝜃𝜃𝜏𝜏
50 (c) Solve a) and b), if another compressive stress of
20 MPa acts along the y-axis, which is
10 simultaneously applied to the above loads. Verify
𝝈𝝈𝟏𝟏 the results using the Mohr’s circle.
𝝈𝝈𝟐𝟐

Solution:
𝑺𝑺𝒙𝒙 − 𝑺𝑺𝒚𝒚 𝟐𝟐
𝑹𝑹 = �𝑺𝑺𝟐𝟐𝒔𝒔 + � � : 𝑹𝑹 = 𝝉𝝉𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝟐𝟐

2
50 − (−10)
𝑅𝑅 = �202 + � � = 36.06:
2

𝑅𝑅 = 𝜏𝜏𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 36.06𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝑺𝑺𝒙𝒙 + 𝑺𝑺𝒚𝒚
𝝈𝝈𝟏𝟏 = + 𝑹𝑹: 𝝈𝝈𝟏𝟏 = 𝝈𝝈𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝟐𝟐
50 + (−10)
𝜎𝜎1 = + 36.06:
2
𝝈𝝈𝟏𝟏 = 𝝈𝝈𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 (𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. )
𝑺𝑺𝒙𝒙 + 𝑺𝑺𝒚𝒚
𝝈𝝈𝟐𝟐 = − 𝑹𝑹: 𝝈𝝈𝟐𝟐 = 𝝈𝝈𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝟐𝟐
50 + (−10)
𝜎𝜎2 = − 36.06:
2
𝝈𝝈𝟐𝟐 = 𝝈𝝈𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = −𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨. )

𝑺𝑺𝒙𝒙 + 𝑺𝑺𝒚𝒚 𝝈𝝈𝟏𝟏 + 𝝈𝝈𝟐𝟐

𝝈𝝈𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 = : 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝝈𝝈𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 =
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
50 + (−10)
𝜎𝜎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = :
2
56.06 + (−16.06)
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝜎𝜎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 =
2
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Example 3
A round bar of ¾” diameter is loaded as shown.
Determine the magnitudes of the Maximum shear stress
𝜏𝜏𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 and maximum normal stress 𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 at: a) point ‘A’, and
b) point ‘B’.

A L =15
F = 30 lb
+
B
D=0.75”

T =540 in-lb
Solution

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Example 4:
Find the smallest diameter ‘d’ of the steel shaft ABCD
that is capable of carrying the loads shown in the figure, if
the working stresses are 𝜎𝜎𝑤𝑤 = 𝑆𝑆𝑑𝑑 = 120 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑓𝑓 and 𝜏𝜏𝑤𝑤 =
𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠𝑑𝑑 = 70 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑓𝑓. Neglect the weights of the pulleys and the
shaft. Assume that the stress caused by direct shear force is
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
negligible, i.e. 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 = 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 = 0.

Shaft, dia R=0.5m D

R=0.5m C

B
A

Solution:

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 Machine Design 1: BASAEN, RV

THEORIES OF FAILURE
A. MAXIMUM NORMAL STRESS THEORY
(RANKINE THEORY)

Material fails if the maximum normal stress

𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 reaches the ultimate strength 𝑆𝑆𝑢𝑢 of the brittle
material, or the yield strength of the ductile material.

This theory is more applicable to brittle materials.

For design consideration, use

𝑺𝑺𝒖𝒖 𝑺𝑺𝒚𝒚
𝑺𝑺𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 ⇒ 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐
𝑵𝑵 𝑵𝑵
where
𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = maximum normal stress from the
combination of stresses

For biaxial stresses:

𝑺𝑺𝒙𝒙 + 𝑺𝑺𝒚𝒚 𝑺𝑺𝒙𝒙 − 𝑺𝑺𝒚𝒚 𝟐𝟐
𝑺𝑺𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = + �𝑺𝑺𝟐𝟐𝒔𝒔 + � �
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐

For uniaxial stress only, use

𝑺𝑺 𝑺𝑺 𝟐𝟐
𝑺𝑺𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = + �𝑺𝑺𝟐𝟐𝒔𝒔 + � �
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐

B. MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS THEORY

[TRESCA THEORY]

Material fails if the maximum shear stress reaches

one-half of the yield strength 𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦 of the material.

This theory is more applicable to ductile materials.

For design consideration, use

𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝑺𝑺𝒚𝒚
𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 ⇒
𝑵𝑵
where
𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = maximum shear stress from the combination
of stresses

𝑺𝑺𝒙𝒙 − 𝑺𝑺𝒚𝒚 𝟐𝟐
𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = �𝑺𝑺𝟐𝟐𝒔𝒔 + � � : (Biaxial stresses)
𝟐𝟐

𝑺𝑺 𝟐𝟐
𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = �𝑺𝑺𝟐𝟐𝒔𝒔 + � � : (Uniaxial stresses)
𝟐𝟐

C. DISTORTION ENERGY THEORY OR VON-

MISES THEORY

This commonly used in computer software for stress

analysis (SolidWorks, Ansys, etc.)

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 Machine Design 1: BASAEN, RV

This theory is generally applicable to ductile Example 1:

materials. A bracket is supported by four bolts of unknown
diameter ‘D’ as shown. F = 10 kips at e = 24 in.. (a)
Please refer to some references about the derivation Recommend the uniform bolt size ‘D’ necessary if 𝑆𝑆𝑑𝑑 =
of the equivalent stress or the von-Mises stress, 𝜎𝜎𝑣𝑣 20 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 & 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 10 ksi. Consider fully threaded bolts. (b)
Solve part (a) using the von-Mises theory with N = 2.5 and
Useful equation: Sy =48 ksi for the bolt material.
𝝈𝝈𝒗𝒗 = �𝝈𝝈𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏 − 𝝈𝝈𝟏𝟏 𝝈𝝈𝟐𝟐 + 𝝈𝝈𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝐹𝐹
where 𝑒𝑒 𝑭𝑭
𝜎𝜎1= maximum normal stress, 𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝜎𝜎2= minimum normal stress, 𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
3"
Material fails if 𝜎𝜎𝑣𝑣 reaches the yield point value of 6" 6"
the material. 3"
𝐴𝐴 6" 6"
For design consideration,
𝑺𝑺𝒚𝒚
𝝈𝝈𝒗𝒗 ⇒
𝑵𝑵

In terms of the applied stresses, 𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 , 𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 , the von- Solution:
Mises stress is also expressed as
𝟐𝟐
𝝈𝝈𝒗𝒗 = �𝑺𝑺𝟐𝟐𝒙𝒙 + 𝑺𝑺𝟐𝟐𝒚𝒚 − 𝑺𝑺𝒙𝒙 𝑺𝑺𝒚𝒚 + 𝟑𝟑𝑺𝑺𝟐𝟐𝒔𝒔 𝑭𝑭 𝑭𝑭𝟏𝟏 = 𝑭𝑭𝟐𝟐
𝟏𝟏 𝑭𝑭𝟐𝟐
• For pure shear stresses, i.e. 𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 = 0 , 𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦 = 0, the 𝟒𝟒 𝑭𝑭𝟑𝟑 = 𝑭𝑭𝟒𝟒
above equation leads to 𝜎𝜎1 = −𝜎𝜎2 = 𝜏𝜏𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑭𝑭𝟏𝟏 𝑭𝑭𝟒𝟒
Considering the Mohr’s circle: 𝟑𝟑
𝑨𝑨
𝝉𝝉 𝑨𝑨
𝑭𝑭𝟑𝟑
𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝝉𝝉𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝑨𝑨

a) D=?
0
𝝈𝝈𝟐𝟐 𝝈𝝈𝟏𝟏
𝝈𝝈

𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝝉𝝉𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

For pure shear, 𝜏𝜏𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝜎𝜎1 = −𝜎𝜎2. Thus, if 𝜎𝜎1 = −𝜎𝜎2 =

𝜏𝜏𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 , then
𝜎𝜎𝑣𝑣 = �𝜏𝜏𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2 − 𝜏𝜏𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (−𝜏𝜏𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ) + 𝜏𝜏𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2

𝜎𝜎𝑣𝑣 = �3𝜏𝜏𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = √3𝜏𝜏𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

2

Or,
𝜎𝜎𝑣𝑣 = √3(𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 )

For design consideration, use

𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝒚𝒚
𝝈𝝈𝒗𝒗 = 𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 ⇒ : (𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠)
𝑵𝑵

Note:
The Maximum Shear Stress Theory is more
conservative than the von-Mises Theory.

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Example 2:
A machine member is loaded as shown.
(a) Determine the factor of safety of the member at
point ‘A’. Compare results using the three theories of
failure: Maximum Normal Stress (MNS), Maximum Shear
Stress (MSS) and the Distortion Energy or von-Mises
theory (DE).
(b) Determine the factor of safety of the member at
point ‘B’. Compare results using the MSS and DE theory.

Material: Steel
with Sy = 47 ksi
6”
A

+
B

+
F = 1000 lb

8”

Solution:

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 Machine Design 1: BASAEN, RV

Example 3:
Consider the following derivation of formulas for a
thin-walled pressure vessel.
(a) Show that the maximum normal stress in a
Example 4:
cylindrical pressure vessel is 𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
The most combined loading of a shaft is torsion and
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝/(2𝑡𝑡𝜂𝜂𝑗𝑗 ). Note that the vessel is subjected bending.
to a combined stress (biaxial stress) 𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 & 𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦 , (a) Derive the expression of the equivalent
with 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 = 0. twisting moment 𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒 and the equivalent
(b) The same as (a), except that the vessel is bending moment 𝑀𝑀𝑒𝑒 if the shaft is loaded
spherical with a torque T, simultaneously with a
bending moment M.
Solution: (b) Using the derived formulas is (a),
(a) Cylindrical vessel recommend the shaft diameter required if
𝑇𝑇 = 300 N − m, M = 400 N − m, Ssd =
60 MPa and Sd = 100 MPa.
𝑦𝑦 (c) The same as (b), except that the shaft is
hollow with 𝐷𝐷 = 2𝑑𝑑. Recommend the shaft
diameters D and d.
𝑥𝑥 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 = 𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡 = 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 Solution:
2𝑡𝑡𝜂𝜂𝑗𝑗 𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦 = 𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 =
T

M D M

𝑦𝑦

𝑥𝑥
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 = 𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡 = 𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦 = 𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 =
4𝑡𝑡𝜂𝜂𝑗𝑗 4𝑡𝑡𝜂𝜂𝑗𝑗

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105