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    9 views12 pages

    Module 2

    Uploaded by

    Zac Iriberri

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    2, MATERIALS AND THEIR: PROPERTIES: ‘Rey concepts of Material Science or Engineering ‘Materials are briefly reviewed in this section Material selection requizes sound foundation of material properties, ‘which are absolutely necessary to be intezmted in the desien af machine components. ‘Significant Tables and Chars which ere cxcarpes from ‘existing Machine Design textbooks and handbooks arealso_ Provided herein, Mechanical properties - properties that have something to do with stress end strain (ex. yield strenzti, ‘ultimate strength, percent elongation). These are properties determined by standard tect methods (destructive and nom estuctive) that were outlined by the American Society for ‘Testing and Materials (ASTM), ‘Pipsical properties - properties that exclude ‘mechanical and chemical prapertias (ex coefficiont of themnal expansion, density, specific heat), Chemical properties — properties that have something 1m do with chemical reaction (Ex. resistance to corrosion!) Some Commonly Used Engineering Materials: “Metalic Materials: ‘Ferrous: ‘Sauctral stl, plain carbon steel, alloy: ‘steel, stainless steel cast steel, tool steel, special steel, wrought iron, cast iron, alleskle iron ‘Non-farrous: Atuminum, magnesium, copper, chromium, lead, nickel, silver, tin, zinc Non-metallic mavarials: ‘Plastics, wood, ceramics, concrete, elass, sane, ‘elastomer, silicon, brick ‘Some Material Properties Considered. ‘Machinabiltty — relative ease at which the material cm be cor Workabilizy — sbility of a material w be finmad into a ‘desired shape Malleability~ capacity ofa material to withstand plastic ‘daformstionin compression wwithou fracture Elasticity — ability of the material to return to its original ‘shape upon tbe removal of applied loads. Its opposite 1s plasticity (pemanex defemation occurs when Toad is removed) _Homoganaity - material property indicating same structire ‘atall points (ieotapic if properties are the seme in all Machize Donen 1 BASAEN. RV. directions st a point, otherwise the manerial is anisotropic) ‘Hardnoss - sbility of a material to rocist scratching, sbrasiom, cutting, or penetration Ducttigy -capacity of a material to undergo large strains (or deformations with no significant increase in suse (percent elongation > 5% ; 4 reduction in araa'> 11096). Its opposite is briamess. Steel, in general, is ductile while a cast irons Evite. (Generally, ductile materials fl in shear, walle brittle ‘terials fil in tansior. Static Strength © Sirese-Sirain Diagrams: 8) For ductile materials (¢¢ mild steel) where PL = Proportional iit EL = Elastic im ‘YP = YVieldpoint UP = Uitte point RP = Rupr or fcr pom ‘ Fortaite mails (¢ castirn concrete, 18 ‘Proportional imit- theoretically regarded 95 the end point of elasticity (i this point i not defined, the yield point is used instead) Now: ~The Universal Testing Machine (UTM) is the ‘most common destructive tester for material srength = The static strength off materials is. descibad generally in tens of te yield steneth (S,) and ‘the ultimate stength (S,) for ductile materials. For britie materils, the strength is given by the ‘ultimate point only. These are the bichest points on the sresssuain disemm and ae easly a= TE the yield point ic not clantly soon from the ‘Ging, the 0.2% affter method ir used. This is done by locating the 0.2% at the abscissa (Le. 0.002 invim}) and deewing a. line from this point ‘parallel to the proportionaliry line until the curve is imersecred The point of intersection is the defined yield point value of the material. 5 =2[e,-Me. +20] = gle—H(e.+ 6) ‘+ Strength at High and Low Temperamres In genera] metallic materials have lower steneth at higher temperatures, and higher strength (but more ‘wie) at lower texaperanures. (Creep - acontimous deformation aver a period of ‘ime due to stress or heat. ‘Other Properties: Rasilionce - capacity of 5 material to absorb enerzy ‘within the elastic range ‘Modus of resilience: = Suain enargy per unit volume of material u, =n bute, ©S, anda =Eeere=f, ten v,=4(5) Toughness capacity ofa material to withstand an ‘impactor shock lond. Common tests are the Izod snd the Chapy tests. Damping capacity - ability of material to absorb or ‘damp vibration Hardness - ameasue of material's resistance to indentation. Hardness testers include Brinell ‘Rockwell, Vickers and Share sclaroscope. For steel, with 200 < BEN < 400, ‘S,% SOO(BHN)psi or 0.5(BHN)kst For stress relieved (not cold drawn) steels, the tensile yield swenzth Sy is coven by ‘5, = S25(BHN)— 30, 000 pst Improving Hardness and Strength of Metals ‘Recrysiallization temperature -taat temperature at which ysl latice srumme of the men! becomes reoriented (400°C to 700°C for stl). Hot working — shaping or forming the metal above the recrystllization tomperanure (results in finer and mare ‘unifomm grain structure). ‘Cold working — shaping ot fomning the metal below the recrysallization temperature, or usually st tom tempersiure (results in increase in bardness and ‘strength, but with a loss of toughness and ductility) ‘Heat Treatment - conzolled heating and subsequent cooling of metal to obtain desirable properties: needed for a fora particelar application ‘Quenching - rapid cooling of ametal fom an levated temperanre by injecting or spraying the metal wath 2 ‘suitable cooling mectim, such as i, brine or Wate, 10 increase hardness. Temporing or drawing - stress reliving and softening bby heating then cooling to reduce bitleness and internal stresses Ameaing - heating and slowly cooling. applied ‘usualy to induce softening and duct. ‘Machina Desi 1, BASARN EV ‘Normatizing - esting to a siehtly higher temperature hn ammealing then cooling in still air at room temperature (to produce uniform grain structure) Suan ‘Canad Teapend Amaaled ol = ‘Hoot testment is generally applicable to steol with a carbon content of 0.3% or greater. For low carbon steel ‘with less than 0.3% C, case hardening is an option. (Case hardening or carburizing - dane by increasing the ‘Types of Selected Metal Alloys ‘ron and Steet (Caxt iron and cast sel - produced from pouring the metal into molds of the proper fom, Wrought iron and wrought steal — metsl is cast ito a ‘suimble size and chape then hot rolled to form bars, Gray cast iron ~ most widely used fom of cast irom. Tris common to refer gxry cast non just as cast “Molleable cast iron beat treated white cast iron Nodular cast iron - ductile cast iron iron inks (eg ASTM 20 castiron, for instance, has an 5, = 20 kei) Steel - an alloy of iron containing less than 2% carboa. Plain carbon steel: Loweatbon =~ 0,03100.25 Yecarbon. (grucual pa, plates, sheets) ‘Medum cobea - 03010055 tecarton (achive pars) Highcaton == 06010 1.4 %ecatboa, (qring, caring tol) ‘Table 2.1 Some Typical Applications of Carbon Steels Percent C_[ Uses COI-OI0 | Sheet arp, mime wie nal 0.10-020 | River, screws, pars tobe case hardened 0:20-035 | Swuctural sel, plate, forgings such 25 camehafis 035-045 | Machinery steel—shafts, axles, ‘comecting ods, ec. 045-055 | Lange onpines—crankshais, heavy dry gear, ek. 0:60-0:70 | Bolt handing and drop forging dis, rails, sotserows 0:70-0:80 | Shear blades, cold chisle, banners, snes, band saws 080-090 | Cutting and blanking punches and cies, rock drs, ma ehisels 9:90-1.00 | Spring, reamers, broaches, suall punches, dies 1100-1.10 | Small sprngs and curing tool fr lathe, planer, shaper, and slover 110-120 | Twist drils, small ups, dreading dies, calery, smal latin tools 120-230 | Files, ball aces, mandrels drawing dies, _Allgy Steels ~ carbon steals with other alloying ‘elements (chromium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel ec) StunfessSrels - staelswithatlent 2% ‘coium “Types of Stainless Steel: ‘Anstenitic - 18% chromium, 6% nickel ‘Martensitic- 12% chroesiumn 1 Mechromium (17-4 PH) Steel Numbering System: ‘Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), American Ion and Steel Institute (AISD, and the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) ‘The AISU/SAE numbering system generally uses a umber composed of four digits The first wo digits indicare tha principal alloying clement. The last two digits give the appromimae carbon content, expressed in el Nissen [sc | sate |e eye eoox | sietetemie | sox el fee 0 sey ax Moyen ox uoeieesas | ase ‘Sample AISI or SAE Notation: AISI C1020 (SAE 1020) steel - aplsin carbon steel (10220, commining 0.20% cxibon. “AISI 43140 (SAE 3140) steol -n alloy stool (with. nickel and chromium (3130) with 0.40% carbon. AlSTand SAF only differ in terms of aleties which indicates ‘The 4ST mumberine spstom for sieels is based on the ‘ultimate strengehs| ‘ASTACAQT - mild medum-stengih carbon sed ASTAE-A36- is the all-pupose carbon grade stl Alas ‘szengih low alloy steel ast + iamalloy Q&T steel. Unified mombering system (UNS) for metals and alloys developed by ASTM AISI, and SAE (Gris wed for secs: pain carbon or allo see) (10200 for plain carbon tcl of0.2%6C) (Cts usd for copper alloys (€55500 for silicon brome) Aluminum and Copper Alloys Aluminum and capper alloys possess a high stengih- ‘to-weight tio, bigh electrical and thermal conductviry, nd bigh resistance to corrosion. They are readily formed, ‘drawn, stumped, spun, machined, welded, or brazed. a Alaina lis ‘pave extensive applications in manufactured = bigh-smengh aluminum slloys (tempered and/or heat + may be cpm, stamped, rolled into a shoct, or dawn. into wire and bing + most nombie copper-bae alloys are brass and tron (Grass is amalloy of copper and zing Prone isan aloy cf copper and tin) ‘General Properties of Nonmetals: ‘Angee being made 0 replace customary mesals. ‘with ceramics in some machine and structural members. ‘Machine Desien 1, ASAE EV ~ Gambon reinforced composttes new materials (with ‘10% 40% carbon) have tensile sweneths as high as 280 MPa. ‘Sample Problems Related to Material Properties A‘ im Gameter and 18 $6 long steel wire of yield strength Sj = 50 kes stretches by 0.3:in when subjected to 4 500 Tb tensile load. Compu the modnls of elasacity E. ‘From the axial deformation formula, FL ‘SO0rI8 x12 e==: 03= aE Fossre) B= 30,15 x10%psi(ans.) Example 2: A15 mm = 15 mm square 48CD & down oa member prior to loading After loading, the square ‘becomes the rhombus shown in the fizure below, aifer a ‘From Hocke’s law: axe 2121) 100= 2a 2 =53025 MPaor 53.03 GPa(Ans.) vot ® ‘From the definition of Poisson's ratio (unit lateral ‘contraction per unit axial elongation) Ta v= 0.25 (ans.) oes ‘From the relation betmeen the modi of elasticity E5303 Wasa) ~ Za +025) G=21.212GPo(Ans.) ‘Example ‘AAractungalar block of width a, depth d, and length is subjected 10 ania] tensile load P, x: shown inthe igure ‘below. Affer the block was loaded, dimensions and L are -changedto 1.999 im and 10.02 im, respectively. Calculate ‘2. The Poisson's ratio The modulus of elasticity The final value of the dimension @ The shear modulus of elasticity Given: a=3 im, d=2im, L= 10m, P= 100g. ‘From the generalized Hooke’s Irv (uniaxial stress ‘uly, 0, = 100MPa (tension) and 6, = 0) =e, -wle, +o] 1002-10 4 mE Fz 02500+00) E =8333,33 ksi or 8.333 x10* psi (Ans:) @ =at6,=3—00015 ‘Machine Donen 1, BASAEN, BV. ‘a = 2.9985 in (Ans.) @ G= E 833333 “say +025) = 3333.33 ksi or 3.333 x 10%psi (Ans.) Example 4: ‘A smain energy of 9 Joules mst be acquired by @ 6061-16 aluminum alloy rod of diameter d and leneth Z, 2s ‘anacial load P is plied Detemnine the factor of safety ‘Of the rod with respect to permanent defirmation Take d= ‘Smmand L= 3 m For the slumimum od, we the following ‘Propesties: B= 70 GPa and S, = 260 MPa wooo Ge BS) ‘The factor of safety (ratio of sireneth to actual stress) isthen ‘Au AISI 4130 stool machine element is amnenled 10 156 BEN. Using relationships beweon the hardoess in ‘BH and the ultimate and yield strength values of steel, ‘estimume the values ofS, and 5, for this element. ‘Solution: ‘From the relationshap betmeen hardness and streneth of steel general, 5, BOSBHN, ksi 5,8 0.5(156), ksi 5S, =78ksi (ans.) Also, for 5.16 §, of eal 5, 8 L055, ~ 30,000 pei = 105(78)— 30, in kei 5, = SL ksi (ans.) ‘Practice Problem: ESS ‘oad. Calculate the axial suain. Take P=25 EN, ma $< 10mm [= 10mm 2=70Gh axive03, “Asstame that the block is constrained puinst }-andz-axes “Ans. €,=O132Tjon oe es ca | ease af 2" ome 3 ® om ee) 1 wese les rao | 03s som lL we [oss ‘Mahe Dosen DASA RV. ‘Table 2.1. Averare Properties Enpineering —— TS Customary Oni mataeen | soa | star | sem ot a Sera) ‘an | teat | met | Terma 7 sectte |e ee ae | | Bae Meena Ser | EF EF EH) Gy Gs | aia fare | mo ose fas as mas san | 30 xs | a on an lw - «2 lo on 25 “Table 2.2 Mechanical Properties of Gray Cast Irom “ST Units “Uist | Compress | Meda: of | —Miedoiacof ] Brill Hare ASTAEGas | SoengikS. | ScemghS. | Hlasiciey | Rigid (GPs) | Hlardmess Seem ‘aur) Gis) re) Nember iis | Redecuen Facer 0 ry cy ar Tae ie 00 Fr ry = 700 ma mm 185 30 as 5 oe 3635 21 120 5 2 sa 100-10 a8 a2 115 40 = 70 ons ae as 135 0 S 35 Bes? 3054 22 133 a 33, 195 151-162 350 3a 130 “To gonvat Gabo ba, anid Svea aes by OT “Thacla: omaberefcavt onde equal = sunt mde sroosthin sb rg a0 =a T: ra =| i 20 = 16 2 19 @ 0 = 2 Fa 10 cs 50 310 16 s 18 @ ao 330 2 5 1 ce 2 en 6 5 1 @ = 0 1 x 7 = 30 2 Fa 2 i 7 0 0 5 zs a 30 30 10 B xe 6 7 Eeinpe a) Fase rc as ry 8 He PeRSRAAAERATHSBARARRCORARGAS EASE AED le perasenscnnnenssscnnaneacersnanecnall nane ie | qsnensanaoananseazseduaseuaanesansfl . d Bfedeevesnencsansenranonorenssnrentzetl pene baba £ || evnnersvrersarametenicereiad] fl i — Het aaen BgEE g HeSREROERRREBERESERRADGRRRPESEREEEElI| 5 ai le Te ie 8 3 8 gas FRSe Fe thor ee es fal : i i less? heed : “aaron, aston MReRSE Pas, OF TOE ‘Nowe To conver rem MPa adv given vais by 6. Table 2.6. Mechanical Properties of Some Aluminum Alloys “ST and OS Customary Units ar eS Sa Semrs aes = Bes = Bs s us y 2 2 = 5 3 a é 3 = @ = = 2 © ” = = f 2 Ey i s B = i % x 3 B x z A » ® = 3 u & x5 8 zs a 2 Z % % is x 3 5 0 s i 5 3 z = 2 i i = = 3 is x 2 5 Ey 3 = z 3 z = 3 @ 3 i = ‘Sarce ROSE Regn: Masa Scar Pca Chaba OTL Ta Tenge os 2a ann sours ran ws Sm ‘oa oat 25 oan am me am en os teas eu Sa an at 3 cus 2 w » Sram 2 m = Sen & Ft » San Si Eg 3 Som sens aim in Sem 20 re 2 ‘Table 28. Mechanical Properties of Some Common Pastics Si and CS Cenomary Che ie Sree | Pirate sm | dei Pie on = = {ot = S| ae Ciliow eae a 3 a Las u ‘Epomy (glass filled) 6138 10-20 4 2a ioe 2 oe 0 a See = z © 4 Pmt eso ad) a 3 esos PI Ripon an | sits nbs we Precememeng | uci | leat 1 ites ible Papi 4 S 19-20 0730 0522 Ea inva Dagmar Remo iver, Race aii, Cin Er 28 ‘Table 2.9. Properties of Some Natural Rubbers ‘Si and US Customary Unite Same Rapea ‘Moassof | Maia | Maximum | Abra | Tear] Oshatoa ras Hlaseay | “serace | sere” | mesaame | nessance | Retna pdidtrs) | Tempera | Tespere eeen| ae

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