Internal Energy(U)

(1) Δ U =ΔQv =nC ΔT=n f RΔT

v
2
Work done from P-V Graph Equation of state
PV = constant
04 Isochoric process
Refrigerator and heat pump

(PV) ΔU Compression -1
T1 (High Temp.)
= nγRΔT= Δγ TV = constant
Source
-1 -1 Adiabatic ΔV=0 or V=constant
-1
P V -P V [ [
= f γf i i
-1
ΔQv p PT = constant >P
equation of state = > PP1 = T1
T=
(Internal Energy is only the function of
Isothermal T2 Q1
Isochoric
Work done by the gas Work done by the gas 2

temperature of the gas) Area=W

p W=-ΔU=nCv(T1-T2) ΔV=0 = >W=0 f
>CV= 2 R
= W (work done)
=n f R(Ti-Tf) specific heat
2
v = R
Isobaric
nR -1 Q2
First law of T.D= > Q=ΔU+ W Area under P-V diagram gives V W = -1 (Ti-Tf)
work done by the gas
Q, W = >path functions Wadiabatic > Wisothermal >W isobaric >W isochoric
PiVi-PfVf
Δ U= >state function W=
-1 Heat Engine Sink
1 Isobaric process Cyclic process T2 (Low Temp.)
W1=
/ W2 Slope of adiabatic process ‘Device that converts
Q1 =
/ Q2
• W=are inside the graph = x slope of isothermal process Coefficient of performance of refgeration (β)
state A state B
heat into work‛
Δ U1=Δ U2=UB-UA
• For clockwise process, W=-ve >C=0
specific heat of gas =
β=
Q2
=
Q2
β=
T2
p • For anti-clockwise process, W=+ve Q
Q =0 High Source W Q1-Q2 T1-T2
C= Δt
temp. T1 Coefficient of performance of heat pump
2 W=P(V2-V1)
02
P2 P2 C=0 =Q1 Q1 T1
= =
Q1 W Q1-Q2 T1-T2
P1
heat absorbed by
P1
Isothermal process engine
V1 V2
>ΔT=0
Isothermal process = Δ U=0 V1 V2 V1 V2
W=Q1-Q2
Relationship between
Cyclic process A Isochoric process W= π (P2-P1)(V2-V1)
4 W= 1 (P -P )(V -V )
=> ΔT=0 =>ΔU=0
2 2 1 2 1 eg:- perfectly conducting Q2 η& β
β = 1-
> heat released by η
A B C D A B P slow process engine η
(COP)heat pump =1+(COP)refrigerator
>

ΔU=UA-UA=0 P2
Q= Δ U+W
>

W=PΔV=0 T2 Sink
D Q= W Cascaded engine
C (surrounding)
p
> P1
Low temp.
> PV=Constant
equation of states =
T1
Same work output
P1V1=P2V2
WORK
V
V1 V2
Workdone by the gas efficiency(η) W1=W2

( (
Work done: W= (P2-P1)(V2-V1)
V Q -Q Q
path function W=2.303 nRT log 2
V1 η = W = 1 2 =1- 2 T1-T=T-T3
W=F.dx= Pdv V Q1 Q1 Q1
Unit: Joule(J) 2T=T1+T3
W=2.303 nRT log ( (
P 1 T1-T2 T
P η = =1- 2 E1 W1
p A B Thermodynamic processes 2
carnot
T1 T1 T1+T3
Sign Convention 1
Slope: T=
01 2
+ve
Q W1 ηmax=>When Q2=0 or T2=0K
p Slope of adiabatic process
W W A B V (not possible)
System System = slope of isothermal process Same efficiency
Adiabatic process

+
-ve +ve specific heat C= T
T 1- T =1- 3
A B
(compressive) (expansion) 2 p W1=
/ W2 Q=0 [no exchange of heat]
work done T1 T
Carnot Engine
W2

03
work done on the gas
by the gas -ve
Q W1 > W2

V T2=T1T3
Work Heat Rapid or spontaneous
V Ideal engine
process/insulated vessel Isobaric process T= T T
Expansion 1 3
Q= Δ U+W T1-T2 T2 E2 W2
Isobaric η= = 1-
Q= 0 Δ U=-W
ΔP=0 T1 T1
Heat: path function Q= ΔU+W
HEAT
> unit:calorie/Joule
= p Isothermal Compression >V T
equation of state =
For any process, W= - ve ΔU= + ve V1 T T3

pressure
Q=nCΔT Adiabatic = 1
ΔU =>Temperature V2 T2
where, C= Specific heat capacity for the Isochoric
process V => Pressure Work done by the gas
Wisobaric>Wisothermal>Wadiabatic>WIsochoric Expansion W=PΔ V= P(V2-V1) = nR(T2-T1)
>Δ Q=0 [No heat transfer]
Adiabatic process =
specific heat
> QV=Δ U=nCV ΔT
At constant volume = W=-ve Δ U=+ve volume
f
> Qp= Δ U+ W=nCPΔT
At constant pressure = ΔU =>Temperature >Cp= 1+ 2 R
=
>Pressure
=
= R
-1

THERMODYNAMICS