Chapter 13

Magnetically Coupled Circuits (1)

13-2 Mutual Inductance
13-3 Energy in a Coupled Circuit
 Inductance
• Consider a solenoid of length l that has N loops
– Each loop of area A
– windings per unit length= n=N/l
– A current i flows through the solenoid will generate an
uniform magnetic field inside the solenoid
B=μ₀ni
– The solenoid magnetic flux ФB=NBA (課本把N提出去,
NФB)
B   nI The total number of turns
N  n   B   o n 2 A  i
0

B Inductance
 B o n 2 Ai
L   o n 2 A
i i
[磁通量變化 / 單位電流]

2023/2/10 2
 Review - self inductance (2)
法拉地:封閉迴路中感應電動勢大小,等於穿過此迴路磁通量之時變率
冷次:磁通量改變所產生的感應電流(壓)會抵抗磁通量的改變
 According to Faraday’s law and lenz’s law, the voltage v induced
in the coil is:
d d di di
vN N L
dt di dt dt 
i(t)
(法拉地+冷次)換句話說 v
電感壓降會隨磁通量時變率成比例

自感：自己家，磁通量變化，產生的感應電壓

Magnetically Coupled Circuits 3

 13.2 Mutual Inductance (1)
• Two coils with self-inductance L1 and L2
• Coil 1 is excited by current source i1(t)
• Coil 2 is open circuit 反抗磁場變化

L 1 N1 L2 N2 d 1
感應
電壓
 1  N1  1  11  12
dt
i1(t) v1 v2 d 12
 2  N2
dt
11 12
d12 di1 d i1
 N2  M 21
di1 dt dt
Mutual inductance :

Ability of one inductor to induce a voltage

across a neighboring inductor
Magnetically Coupled Circuits 4
 13.2 Mutual Inductance (2)
• Two coils with self-inductance L1 and L2 . Coil 2 is excited by
current source i2 (t) and coil 1 is open circuit.
反抗磁場變化
N1 L1 N2 L2 d 2
2  N2
dt
v1 v2  2   21   22
i2(t)
d  21
21 22
 1  N1
dt
d21 di2 di2
 N1  M 12
互感：自己家的磁通量變化，產生 di2 dt dt
別人家的感應電壓
Mutual inductance of coil 1
with respect to coil 2

Magnetically Coupled Circuits 5

 Mutual Inductance on Chip
• https://www.google.com.tw/search?biw=1477&bih=718&tbm
=isch&sa=1&q=bounding+wire&oq=bounding+wire&gs_l=img.3..
0i10i24.4779.6151.0.6188.13.12.0.0.0.0.190.1161.6j6.12.0....0.
..1c.1.64.img..1.12.1142.qqpXftoD5-Q

Magnetically Coupled Circuits 6

13.2 Mutual Inductance (3)

Toroid

Path
1
Path
2

線圈形狀不同不同的磁場
不同的磁通量不同的面積法向量

感應電壓的極性完全取決於線
圈的繞法和幾何形狀(例如
toroid及solenoid），電路圖不
易呈現，改用「Dot convention」
Magnetically Coupled Circuits 7
Magnetically Coupled Circuits 8
• If a current enters R1 R2
the dotted terminal of
one coil, the reference M
polarity of the mutual
voltage in the second V I1 I2
L1 L2
coil is positive at the
dotted terminal of the
second coil.
jωMI2 jωMI1

• If a current leaves the R1 M R2

dotted terminal of one
coil, the reference L1 L2
polarity of the mutual I1 I2
voltage in the second coil V ZL
is negative at the dotted jωMI2 jωMI1
terminal of the second
coil.

Phase dot: 表示同相，同為+，或 -

13.2 Mutual Inductance (8)
R1 M R2

L1 L2
I1 I2
V ZL
jωMI2 jωMI1

Mesh 1 V + j M I2  ( R1  j L1 ) I1

Mesh 2 j M I1  ( j L2  R2  Z L ) I2

Magnetically Coupled Circuits 10

 13.2 Mutual Inductance (7)
時域 R1 R2
M Mesh1
di1 di2
v1 v2  1  i1 R1  L1 M
i1 i2 dt dt
L1 L2
Mesh2
di2 di1
di2 di1
 2  i2 R2  L2 M
M M dt dt
dt dt
頻域
Mesh1
L1 L2 V1  ( R1  j L1 ) I1  j M I2
V1 I1 I2 V2
Mesh2
V2  j M I1  ( R2  j L2 ) I2
jωM I2 jωM I1
Magnetically Coupled Circuits 11
 Example 13.1 (1)
Calculate the phasor current I1 & I2
 j 4 j 3 (jM)

(jL)
120 I1 j5 j 6 I 12
2

 j4 j3

j5 j6 12
120
I1 I2
j3I2 j3I1

Magnetically Coupled Circuits 12

 Example 13.1 (2)
 j4 j3

j5 j6 12
120
I1 I2
j3I2 j3I1

Loop2: (12  j 6) I 2  j 3 I 1  I 1  (2  j 4) I 2

Loop1: (  j 4  j 5) I 1  j 3 I 2  12  j I 1  j 3 I 2  12
12
 j (2  4 j ) I 2  j 3 I 2  (4  j ) I 2  12  I 2   2.914 A
4 j
 I 1  (2  j 4) I 2  (4.5  63.4)(2.914)  13  49.4 A
Magnetically Coupled Circuits 13
 Coils in Series
• The coupled coils can be connected in series in
two different ways.
• The total induction is:
– Series aiding connection:
L  L1  L2  2M
– Series opposing connection
L  L1  L2  2M

+ - - +

+ - + - + - + -
14
 Example 13.2 (1)
4  j 3 j8
Calculate the mesh currents
1000
j 6 j2 5
I1 I2

j2I1 j2x2I2
4  j 3 j8

1000 j 6
I2 5
I1 j2I2

Magnetically Coupled Circuits 15

 Example 13.2 (4)
4  j 3  j 8  I 1  100 4 j3  j8
  j 8 5  j 18 I    0    30  j 87
  2     j 8 5  j 18

100  j 8 4  j 3 100
Δ1   100(5  j1 8) Δ2   j 800
0 5  j 18  j8 0

Δ 1 100(5  j 18) 186874.5

I1     20.33.5 A
Δ 30  j 87 9271
Δ2 j 800 80090
I2     8.719 A
Δ 30  j 87 9271

Magnetically Coupled Circuits 16

 13.3 Energy in a Coupled Circuit (1)
M M
i1 i2 i1 i2
v1 v2 v1 L1 L2 v2
L1 L2

自己家的自感電壓和鄰居給的互感電壓同相M>0，反之則M<0
1. i 1 i 2  0  The Energy stored in L1 & L2 equal to zero.
di2
2. i1 : 0  I1 , i2  0 and  0 (no self-inductance voltage)
dt
di1  di1  di1
 p1 (t )  i1 (t ) 1 (t ) +i2 (t ) 2 (t )  i1 L1 +i2   M   i1 L1 0
dt  dt  dt
I1 1
 w1   p1 (t ) dt  L1  i1 (t ) di1  L1 I1 2
0 2
Magnetically Coupled Circuits 17
 i1=0 M i1=0  M
i2 i2
L1 L2 L1 L2
v1 v2 v1 v2
di 1 di 1
M 0 M 0
dt dt

3. Maintain i 1  I 1 and let i 2 : 0  I 2

v1(t) I2造成的互感電壓極性和I1流過jωM的極性一致, M>0
di 2 di di
 p 2 (t )  i 1 (t )  M
M12  i 2 (t ) 2 (t )   I 1MM12 2  i 2 (t ) L 2 2
dt dt dt
1
 w 2   p 2 (t )dt MMI
I2 I2
12 1   2    2
di 2 L i 2 di 2 MMI I
12 1 2 L I
2 2
0 0
2
1 1
4. Total stored energy w f  w 1  w 2  L 1 I 12  L 2 I 22 MMI 12 1 I 2
2 2
Magnetically Coupled Circuits 18
 Switch Order of I1 and I2
• 把上述步驟的I1及I2順序對調，之然會得到相同結果

1 1
w '  L1 I1  L2 I 2 2  M 21I1I 2
2

2 2
• 無論順序為何，能量為一致
w  w'  M 12  M 21  M
1 1 1 1
 L1 I1  L2 I 2  M 12 I1 I 2
2 2  w  L I
1 1
2
 L2 2  MI1 I 2
I 2

2 2 2 2
1 1
 L1 I1  L2 I 2 2  M 21 I1 I 2 如果兩個電流都是流進或流出
2

2 2 ”dot”，則取正號，反之取負號

Magnetically Coupled Circuits 19

 Coupling Coefficient K1 = K2 (1/3)
N11
L1 =
i1 L1 L2
12 21
K1  , K2 
1 2 v1 v2

1  11  12 and

2  21  22 11 21 ,12 22
M
L1 M i1
1  i1 and 12  i1  N N M
K1  12  2  1  ...(1)
N1 N2 1 L1
i1 N 2 L1
N1
L2 M
2  i2 and 21  i2 M
i2
N2 N1  N N M
K 2  21  1  2  ...(2)
2 L2
i2 N1 L2
N2
Magnetically Coupled Circuits 20
Coupling Coefficient K1 = K2 (2/3)

N1 M L1 M
N 2 K1    
L  o n A  o
2
A N 2 L1 L2 L1
l 1 M
M 
N1 L1 L1 L2
LN  2
 L1 L2
N2 L2 N2 M L2 M
K2    
N1 L2 L1 L2
N
n  ; 線圈密度 M
1

M
l L1 L2 L1 L2
 K1  K 2  K
Magnetically Coupled Circuits 21
Coupling Coefficient K (3/3)

Loosely Tightly
coupled coupled
(Low K) (High K)

0  K 1
0  M  L1 L2

Magnetically Coupled Circuits 22

 Example 13.3 (1)
10 2.5H

60 cos(4 t  30) 1 / 16F

5H 4H
I1 I2

(a) Determine coupled coefficient

(b) Calculate the energy stored in the coupled inductors at t 1s

M 2.5
M  k L1 L 2  k    0.56
L1 L 2 20

Magnetically Coupled Circuits 23

 Example 13.3 (2)
60 cos(4 t  30)  60 30 ,   4 rad s
10 2.5H 5 H  j L 1  j 20 

I1 5 H 4 H I2 1 / 16F 2.5 H  j M  j10 

4 H  j L 2  j16 
1 1
F   j4 
16 j C

10  j4
j 20 j16
6030 I1 I2
j10I2 j10I1

Magnetically Coupled Circuits 24

 10  j4
j 20 j16
6030 I1 I2
j10I2 j10I1

Mesh2,  j10 I 1  j 16 I 2  ( j 4) I 2  0
  j10 I 1  j 12 I 2  0  I 1  1.2 I 2

Mesh1, 60 30  (10  j 20) I 1  j10 I 2  0

 60 30  (12  j 24) I 2  j10 I 2  0

 60 30  I 2 (12  j 14)  0
18.449
210
 60 30
 I2   3.25 161 A
18.449
 I 1  1.2 I 2  3.91   19 A
Magnetically Coupled Circuits 25
 I 1  3.91   19  i 1 (t )  3.91 cos(4 t  19)

I 2  3.25 161  i 2 (t )  3.25 cos(4 t  161)
rad degree
 rad  180  1 rad  57.3 Different scale

t  1 s , 4 t  (4 rad s)  1 s  4 rad  229

 i 1  3.91 cos(229  19.4)  3.39 A 10 2.5H


 i 2  3.25 cos(229  161)  2.82 A
課本方法:兩邊電流都是流進去dot , M是正的 I1 5 H 4 H I2
1 1
w  L 1 i 1  L 2 i 22  M i 1 i 2
2

2 2
1 1
 (5)(3.39)  (4)(2.82)2  2.5( 3.39)(2.82)
2

2 2
 20.73 J

Magnetically Coupled Circuits 26