ECE330

Power Circuits and Electromechanics

Dr. Nam Nguyen-Quang

Fall 2016

http://www4.hcmut.edu.vn/~nqnam/lecture.php

Lecture 3 1

Transformers Introduction
Transferring electrical energy from one circuit to another through
time-varying magnetic field.

Applications: both power and communications fields.

In transmission, distribution, and utilization of electrical energy: step-

up or step-down voltages at a fixed frequency (50/60 Hz), at power of
hundreds of watts to hundreds of megawatts.

In communications, transformers can be used for impedance

matching, DC isolation, and changing voltage levels at power of a few
watts over a very wide frequency range.

This course concerns only power transformers.

Lecture 3 2
Ideal transformer
Consider a magnetic core with two coils
i1 i2
wound as shown. Ignore losses, stray + +
v1 N1 N2 v2
capacitance, and leakage flux.

Magnetic permeability is infinite or zero

reluctance.
d d v1 (t ) N1
v1 (t ) = N 1 v 2 (t ) = N 2 = =a
dt dt v 2 (t ) N 2
a is called turns ratio.

Total mmf is given by mmf = N1i1 + N 2 i2 = R = 0

i1 (t ) N 1
= 2 =
i2 (t ) N1 a
Lecture 3 3

Ideal transformer (cont.)

i1 i2
v1 N1 i1 N 1 Ideal
= =a = 2 = + +
v2 N 2 i2 N1 a
v1 v2

v1 (t )i1 (t ) + v2 (t )i2 (t ) = 0
N1:N2

i1 i2
v1 N1 i1 N 2 1 Ideal
= =a = = + +
v2 N 2 i2 N1 a
v1 v2
v1 (t )i1 (t ) = v2 (t )i2 (t )
N1:N2

It can be shown, for an ideal transformer

i1 L2 v 1
k =1 = = 2 = L1 N 22 = L2 N 12
i2 L1 v1 a
Lecture 3 4
Impedance-changing property of ideal transformer

Consider an ideal transformer with resistive load accross winding 2

v2 i1 i2
By Ohms law, = RL +
Ideal
i2 +

Subsituting v 2 = v1 a and i2 = ai1 v1 v2 RL

2
v1 N N1:N2
= a 2 RL = 1 RL
i1 N2

The discussion can easily be extended to systems with complex load.

It can be verified that
2 2
V1 N1 V2 N1
= = Z L = a 2 Z L
I1 N 2 I 2 N 2

Lecture 3 5

Impedance matching

The impedance-changing property can be used for maximizing power

transferring between to windings, or matching impedances.

An ideal transformer is placed between power source (impedance Zo)

and load (impedance ZL). Turns ratio is so selected that
Z o (N1 N 2 ) Z L
2

Ex. 3.7: Two ideal transformer (each of ratio 2:1) and one resistor R
are used to maximize power transfer. Find R.

Load resistance 4 together with R referred to the input side is (R +

4(2)2)(2)2. For maximum power transfer,

10 + 4 R = 64 R = 13.5
Lecture 3 6
Power transformer

Two windings mounted on a magnetic

core, minimizing leakage flux.

Primary winding (N1 turns) connected

to power supply, secondary winding (N2
turns) connected to load circuit.

Assuming an ideal transformer: no leakage flux, winding resistances

are neglected, magnetic core has infinite permeability, and is lossless.

Let v1(t) = Vm1cost is the voltage applied to the primary winding, it can
be shown that
Vm1 = 2fN 1 max or V1 = 4.44 fN 1 max
Lecture 3 7

More pictures

Small power Small 3-phase

Control
Cast resin

110 kV, oil

10 kV, oil 500 kV, oil
Lecture 3 8
Example

Ex. 3.8: Given N1, N2, core cross-sectional area, mean core length, B-
H curve, and the applied voltage. Find maximum flux density, and
required magnetizing current.

V1 = 4.44 fN 1 max where V1 = 230 V, f = 60 Hz, N1 = 200

230
Hence, max = = 4.32 10 3 webers
4.44 60 200
3
4.32 10
Therefore, Bm = = 0.864 webers/m 2
0.005
The required H m = 0.864 300 = 259 At/m , the peak value of
magnetizing current is (259)(0.5)/200 = 0.6475 A. Hence, Irms = 0.46 A is
the magnetizing current on the primary side.
Lecture 3 9

Equivalent circuit of transformer with linear core

Consider now a transformer with leakage flux and winding resistances.

Equivalent directly derived from physical model is simple but somewhat useless.
The equations on the secondary side is mulplied by a (= N1/N2) and i2 is replaced
by i2/a, to derive a more useful equivalent circuit.

L1 aM 2
i1 i2 R1 a2R2 a L2 aM
+ + + +
RL i1 i2/a
v1 v2 v1 aM av2 a2RL

N1:N2

L1 aM is termed the leakage inductance of winding 1, a2L2 aM is termed

referred (to side 1) leakage inductance of winding 2. aM is the magnetizing
inductance, and its associated current is called magnetizing current.

Lecture 3 10
Equivalent circuit of transformer with linear core (cont.)

There are losses in the magnetic core due to hysteresis and eddy current.
These losses are very difficult to calculate analytically. The sum of these losses
represents the total loss in the magnetic circuit of the transformer, and depends
only upon the value of Bm. They are called core or iron losses. A resistance can
be placed in parallel with the magnetizing inductance aM to account for them.

L1 aM 2
i1 R1 a2R2 a L2 aM
Ideal i2
+ + +
v1 Rc1 (aM)1 av2 v2 RL

N1:N2

Real load RL and its associated voltage and current can be retained by
referring them back to the secondary side, using an ideal transformer.
Lecture 3 11

Transformer under sinusoidal steady-state conditions

For steady-state operation, impedances and phasors can be used in

the equivalent circuit.

R1 jxl1 a2R2 ja2xl2

Ideal I2
+ I1 I2 a + +
V1 Rc1 jXm1 aV2 ZL
V2

N1:N2

where
(L1 aM ) = xl1 = Leakage reactance of winding 1
(aM ) = X m1 = Magnetizing reactance referred to winding 1
( L2 M a ) = x l 2 = Leakage reactance of winding 2

(a 2 L2 aM ) = a 2 xl 2 = Leakage reactance of winding 2 referred to side 1

Lecture 3 12
Transformer under steady-state (cont.)

All quantities can be referred to winding 1

R1 jxl1 a2R2 ja2xl2

+ I1 I2 a +

V1 Rc1 jXm1 a2ZL aV2

Or they can be referred to winding 2

R1/a2 jxl1/a2 R2 jxl2

+ aI1 I2 +

V1 a Rc1/a2 jXm1/a2 ZL V2

Lecture 3 13

Approximate equivalent circuit

Magnetizing branch makes computation somewhat difficult, hence this

branch is moved to the terminals of winding 1, yielding an approximate
equivalent circuit, with no serious numerical error introduced.
R1 jxl1 a2R2 ja2xl2

+ I1 I2 a +
V1 Rc1 jXm1 a2ZL aV2

R1eq jx1eq

+ +
I1 I2 a R1eq = R1 + a 2 R2
V1 Rc1 jXm1 a2ZL aV2
x1eq = xl1 + a 2 xl 2

Lecture 3 14
Open- and short-circuit tests of transformers

Parameters in equivalent circuit can be determined by two simple

tests: open-circuit test and short-circuit test.

In power transformers, the windings are called high-voltage (HV) and

low-voltage (LV) windings.

I oc
A W
Voc Voc IR IX
V Rc Xm

LV HV
Open-circuit test Equivalent circuit

Lecture 3 15

Open-circuit test

The test is performed with all instrumentation on the LV side with the
HV side being open-circuited. Rated voltage is applied to LV side. Voc, Ioc,
and Poc are measured with the meters.
Voc2 Voc
Rc = IR = I oc = I R + I X
Poc Rc
I oc
Hence, I X = I oc2 I R2 Voc IR IX
Voc Rc Xm
Xm =
IX

Rc and Xm are the values referred to the LV side.

Lecture 3 16
Short-circuit test

All the instrumentation is on the HV side. Rated current is supplied to

HV side. Vsc, Isc, and Psc are measured with the meters.

Req Xeq
A W I sc
Vsc Vsc
V

HV LV

Psc Vsc
Req = Z eq = X eq = Z eq2 Req2
I sc2 I sc

Req and Xeq are referred to the HV side.

Lecture 3 17

Example

Ex. 3.9: Given OC and SC tests readings. Find equivalent circuit

parameters referred to the HV side.

From OC test Rc =
(220 )
2
= 968 IR =
220
= 0.227 A
50 968
I X = 12 (0.227) = 0.974 A
220
Xm = = 225.9
2

0.974
From SC test
Req Xeq
60 I sc
Req = = 0.2076 Vsc
(17 ) 2

15
Z eq = = 0.882
17
X eq = 0.882 2 0.2076 2 = 0.8576
Lecture 3 18
Efficiency and voltage regulation

Efficiency is defined as the ratio of output power to input power.

Pout Pout Pout
= = 100% = 100%
Pin Pout + losses Pout + Pc + Pi

Losses are copper loss Pc and iron losses Pi.

Alternatively, if input power is known,

Pin Pc Pi
= 100%
Pin
Voltage regulation is defined as
Vno load Vload
% voltage regulation = 100%
Vload

Lecture 3 19