Chapter 13

Ideal Transformers

Chapter Objectives:
 Understand magnetically coupled circuits.
 Learn the concept of mutual inductance.
 Be able to determine energy in a coupled circuit.
 Learn how to analyze circuits involving linear and ideal transformers.
 Be familiar with ideal autotransformers.
 Learn how to analyze circuits involving three-phase transformers.
 Be able to use PSpice to analyze magnetically coupled circuits.
 Apply what is learnt to transformer as an isolation device and power
distribution

Huseyin Bilgekul
Eeng224 Circuit Theory II
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Eastern Mediterranean University Eeng 224 1
 Ideal Transformers
 A Ideal Transformer is a unity Coupled, lossless transformer in which the primary
and secondary coils have infinite self inductances.
A Transformer is ideal if:
1.) Large reactance coils; L1 , L2 , M  
2.) Unity Coupling k=1.
3.) Coils are lossless (R1=R2=0)

Ideal transformer

Circuit symbol for the Ideal transformer

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Ideal Transformers

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 Non Ideal Transformers

 An ideal transformer has no power loss; all power applied to the primary is all
delivered to the load. Actual transformers depart from this ideal model. Some
loss mechanisms are:
Winding resistance: Causing power to be dissipated in the windings.
Hysteresis loss: Due to the continuous reversal of the magnetic field.
Core losses: Due to circulating current in the core (eddy currents).
Flux leakage: Flux from the primary that does not link to the secondary.
Winding capacitance: It has a bypassing effect for the windings.
 The ideal transformer does not dissipate power. Power delivered from the source
is passed on to the load by the transformer.
 The efficiency of a transformer is the ratio of power delivered to the load (Pout)
to the power delivered to the primary (Pin).

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 Input-Output Variables of an Ideal Transformer

 The input and output voltages and currents

of an ideal transformer are related only by the
turns ratio.

V1  j MI 2
V1  j L1 I1  j MI 2 I1 
j L1
MV1 j M 2 I 2
V2  j MI1  j L2 I 2 V2  j L2 I 2  
L1 L1
Perfect Coupling k  1, Thus we have M  L1 L2 Substitute
L1 L2 V1 j L1 L2 I 2 L2 N2
V2  j L2 I 2    V1  nV1  V1
L1 L1 L1 N1
V2 N 2
  n  Turns Ratio
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 Input-Output Variables of an Ideal Transformer

V2 I1 N2
   n
V1 I 2 N1

 A Ideal Transformer is called:

1.) Step-up transformer if n > 1.
2.) Step-down transformer if n < 1.
3.) Isolation transformer if n=1.

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 Transformer Dot Convention
Transformer DOT convention is needed to assign the polarity of the output variables.
1.) If V1 and V2 are BOTH + or BOTH – at the dotted terminals use +n, otherwise –n.
2.) If I1 and I2 BOTH ENTER or BOTH LEAVE the dotted terminals use –n, otherwise
+n.
V2 I1 N2
   n
V1 I 2 N1

In phase Out of phase

Dot convention indicating the phase relationship between the input and the output.

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 Dot Convention for Ideal Transformers
 Typical circuits illustrating polarity for voltages and direction of currents of an ideal
transformer

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 Conservation of the Complex Power
 An ideal transformer absorbs no power.
 The complex power in the primary winding is equal to the complex power
delivered to the secondary winding.
 Transformer absorbs no power. We assume a lossless transformer.

S1 S2

V2

S1  V I 
1 1 (nI2 )  V2 I2  S 2
n
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 Reflected Impedance of Ideal Transformers
 The ability of a transformer to transform a given impedance to another value is
very useful in IMPEDANCE MATCHING.

Zth
a) Obtaining the VTh. b) Obtaining the ZTh.

V2 Z 2I 2
V2 Vs 2 V1 n n Z2
VTh  V1   Z Th     2
n n I1 nI 2 nI 2 n
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 Reflected impedance
 Equivalent circuit of reflection of the secondary to primary side.

Z2
Z R1  2 Reflected to Primary
n

Equivalent circuit of reflection of the primary to secondary side.

Z R 2  n 2 Z1
Reflected to Secondary

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 Autotransformers
 An auto transformer is a transformer in which both the primary and secondary
are in a single winding.
 Autotransformers are smaller and lighter than an equivalent two winding
transformer.
 Electrical isolation is lost between the primary and secondary windings.

a) step-down autotransformer b) step-up autotransformer

V1 I 2 N1  N 2 N1 V1 I 2 N2
   1  
V2 I1 N2 N2 V2 I1 N1  N 2
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ZR

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I3

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 Example 13.15
 Determine the voltage across the load.

Apply superposition principle.

DC Source only AC source only

• Load voltage due to DC is zero (No induction without change in time)

120
VO  VO-DC  VO-AC  0  cos t  40 cos t
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