ELECTRO-TECHNIQUE 2

Transformer
By : Ahmad Zawawi
Dr. Wardiah Mohd Dahalan
Sub-topics

a. Introduction
b. Ideal Transformer
c. Real Transformer
d. Equivalent circuit
e. Voltage drop at secondary
f. Power
g. Three phase transformer
 Electric Power System

Transmission line
Load

Generator
(AC) Transformer Transformer
(Step-up) (Step-down)

SIMPLE DIAGRAM OF POWER SYSTEM

High voltages of 500kV, 275kV, 132kV are used
for transmitting electricity over the grid system
A transformer in a large sub-station
reduces the voltage to 33kV,
22kV,11kV
Supplies to rural
communities are
often reduced from
11kV to domestic
voltages (415/240V)
by pole mounted
transformers.
Actual Transformer
The assembly of the complete core
Laminations

Coils

Butt-joint
Laminations

Coils

Butt-joint
 What is Transformer
A transformer is a device that changes ac
electric energy at one voltage level to ac
electric energy at another voltage level
through the action of a magnetic field.
The most important tasks performed by
transformers are:

• changing voltage and current levels in

electric power systems.
• matching source and load impedances for
maximum power transfer in electronic and
control circuitry.
• electrical isolation (isolating one circuit from
another or isolating dc while maintaining ac
continuity between two circuits).
 Basic Principle

It consists of two or more coils of wire wrapped

around a common ferromagnetic core. One of
the transformer windings is connected to a
source of ac electric power – is called primary
winding and the second transformer winding
supplies electric power to loads – is called
secondary winding.
 Basic Principle
Core
Winding
Source
I2

Load
 Electrical Symbol

Connection
Primary winding connected to an alternative voltage source.
Secondary winding connected to the load.
I (t)
1 I (t)
2

AC voltage source V ( t )
1
Load
Sinusoidal Wave and Phasor Diagram
e2
V1

e1
V1 Ф

o
90
o o o o o
180 270 360 o
0 90 90 Ф

e1
Iμ

e2
E.M.F Equation of a Transformer
d Where,
e N Induced Voltage (e- unit volts),
No. of turns (N),
dt flux (d- unit weber), and
time (dt- unit second).

Primary Winding E1  4.44 fN1 max …1

Secondary Winding E2  4.44 fN 2  max …2

Ideal Transformer V1 = E1 and V2 = E2

ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS (IQ test)

1) Draw a simple diagram of electric power system

2) Explain clearly a function of transformer device
3) What is the most important tasks performed by
transformers
4) Explain and draw a basic principle of transformer
5) Write an e.m.f Equation of a Transformer
formulas
 Ideal Transformer

Transformer works using the phenomena of electromagnetic induction.

Faraday law :
d
V ( t )  e ( t )   N
dt
1 1 1

( t ) is a magnetic flux produced by magnetic circuit

At secondary :
d
V ( t )  e ( t )   N
dt
2 2 2

where :
V (t )  N
2
N V (t)
2
1
1

V N
The relation between the RMS value : 2
 2

V N
1 1
Power for real transformer
-No losses : P  P (Efficiency of 100%)
Q Q
2 1

2 1

-Perfect magnetic circuit

So;
S S V I N
2 1
  2 1 2

V I  VI
2 2
V I N
1 1
1 2 1

Power factor : cos   cos  2 1

It is the secondary load that produce unity power

factor.
Resistive type load gave power factor unity.
 Ideal Transformer
An ideal transformer is a lossless device
with an input winding and output winding.
v2 (t ) N 2
 a
v1 (t ) N1
N1i1 (t )  N 2i2 (t )

i1 (t )
a
i2 (t )
Sp
 1 lossless a = turns ratio of the transformer
SS
 Step up transformer If N2 > N1, or a >1

 Step Down transformer if N2 < N1, or a <1

 Power in ideal transformer

Output Power
Pout  Pin  V p I p cos 

Reactive Power Qout  Qin  V p I p sin 

Apparent Power S out  S in  V p I p sin 

 Equivalent Circuit

I1 r1 XL1 I2’ XL2 r2 I2

N1:N2
Io
Ii Im
V1 gi b m E1 E2 V2
 Nonideal or actual transformer
I1 r1 XL1 I 2’ XL2 r2 I2
N1:N2
Io
Ii Im
V1 gi bm E1 E2 V2

E1 = primary induced voltage E2 = secondary induced voltage

V1 = primary terminal voltage V2 = secondary terminal voltage
I1 = primary current I2 = secondary current
Ii = excitation current Im = magnetizing current
bM = magnetizing reactance Ii = core current
gi = core resistance r1 = resistance of primary winding
r2 = resistance of the secondary winding
XL1 = primary leakage reactance
XL2 = secondary leakage reactance
Exact equivalent circuit of a transformer referred to
primary side
Ip Is/a
R p X p a2X s a2R s

Ie

V p E p aV s

Exact equivalent circuit of a transformer referred to

secondary side
aIp Is
R p/a 2 X p/a 2 R s X s

aIe
aIm
V p/a aIc E p/a = E V s
s

R c/a 2 X /a 2
M
 Transformer on no-load
V1
Io = √ (Iμ2 + Iω2)
Iω I0
Фm V1
Xo 
I
Ф
Iμ
V1
Ro 
I

cos фo = Iω/ Io
Iron loss component Iω = Io cos фo.
Magnetic component Iμ = Io sin фo
 Parameter determination of the transformer
• Open circuit test
– Provides magnetizing reactance and core loss
resistance
– Obtain components are connected in parallel
LV HV
A W

V
Rated Voltage
Experiment Setup:
In the open circuit test, transformer rated
voltage is applied to the low voltage side of the
transformer with the high voltage side let open.
Measurements of power, current, and voltage
are made on the low voltage side.
Since the high voltage side is open, the input
current IOC is equal to the excitation current
through the shunt excitation branch. Because
this current is very small, about 5% of rated
value, the voltage drop across the low voltage
winding and the winding copper losses are
neglected.
 I oc
Yoc  PF  cos  
Poc
Voc Voc I oc

Poc
1
  cos
Voc I oc

I oc 1 1
Yoc      GC  jBM  j
Voc RC XM

Exication Admittance
Short circuit test
– Provides combined leakage reactance and
winding resistance
– Obtain components are connected in series

A W

V
Experiment Setup:
In the short circuit test, the low voltage side is
short circuited and the high voltage side is
connected to a variable, low voltage source.
Measurements of power, current, and voltage
are made on the high voltage side. The
applied voltage is adjusted until rated short
circuit currents flows in the windings. This
voltage is generally much smaller than the
rated voltage.
 Vsc
Z sc 
I sc
Psc
PF  cos  
Vsc I sc

Psc
1
  cos
Vsc I sc

Z sc  Req  jX eq
 Phasor Diagram

I R X

V1 = V2 + I (R+jX)
V1 V2
 Phasor Diagram

Lagging power factor V

1

IZ

jI X
Ф V
2
IR
I

V1 > V 2
Voltage Regulation > 0
 Phasor Diagram

Unity power factor

V1

jI X

I V2 IR

V2 is lower than V1
Voltage Regulation = 0
 Phasor Diagram

Leading power factor

V1

jI X
I

Ф IR
V2

Voltage Regulation < 0 @ -VR

Voltage drop at secondary
By definition, the voltage drop at secondary is:
V2  V2 without load  V2

In practice :
R SI 2 and XSI 2  V2

We can say the approximation as follow:

V2  V2 without load  V2

V   R S cos 2  XS sin 2  I 2

The voltage drop:

• Proportional to the debit current
• depend to the nature of the load (power factor)
 Name Plate
 In unit : VA/ kVA/MVA
V1(rated) N1
=
V2(rated) N2
 V1(rated) at primary winding
 V2(rated) at secondary winding

V (rated )  I ( full  load )

kVA (rated ) 
1000
 The Per unit system
 The per unit value of any quantity is defined as

Actual Quantity
Per Unit, pu 
Base value of quantity

Quantity – may be power, voltage, current or

impedance
 Two major advantages in using a per unit
system:
1. It eliminates the need for conversion of the
voltages, currents, and impedances across
every transformer in the circuit; thus, there is
less chance of computational errors.
2. The need to transform from three phase to
single phase equivalents circuits, and vise
versa, is avoided with the per unit quantities;
hence, there is less confusion in handling and
manipulating the various parameters in three
phase system.
Per Unit (pu) in Single Phase System

Pbase , Sbase ,Qbase  Vbase I base

Vbase
Z base 
I base
I base
Ybase 
Vbase
2
( Vbase )
Z base 
Sbase
The Efficiency and Voltage Regulator

The efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of the power

output (Pout) to the power input (Pin).

output. power losses

 or   1
input. power input. power

The voltage regulation of a transformer is defined as the

change in the magnitude of the secondary voltage as the
current changes from full load to no load with the primary held
fixed.
VS ,nl  VS , fl
VR  X 100%
VS , fl
The Instrument Transformer

 1. current transformer for measure large alternating

current

 2. potential transformer for measure high alternating

current
 Current transformer
 Low range ammeters
Current Transformer to measure currents in
HV AC circuit
 Step down the current
5A
Load  Primary coil connected
AMMETER
in series with the line
 Secondary coil
connected across the
ammeter terminal.
 Potential transformer
 Standard low-range
Potential transformer voltage, 150V
 The shell type
 Power rating is small,
HV Load
40 to 100W
150V
VOLTMETER
 Secondary winding to
operate instruments.

Primary Secondary
 Power
Joules/Copper
Iron loss
loss

Power Power
absorbed Provided
at primary at
P1 Secondary
P2

P1 and P2 are electrical power.

Losses have 2 sources
• Electric
Joules loss or copper loss in the winding:

PJoule  R 1I12  R 2 I 22  R SI 22
• Magnetic
Iron loss in the magnetic circuit depends to the
voltage source
2
PIron V1
Efficiency
P2 V2 I 2 cos 2
 
P1 V2 I 2 cos 2  R SI 22  PIron
 Three Phase Transformer

Three phase transformer can be constructed

in two way:

1)To take three single-phase transformers

and connect them in a three phase bank.
2)To make a three phase transformer
consisting of three sets of windings
wrapped on a common core.
Advantages: Lighter, smaller, cheaper
and slightly more efficient
 Three single transformer
banked composed of
independent transformers

Three phase transformer

wound on a single three
legged core
 Three Phase Transformer Connections

Four possible connections for three phase

transformer:
1. Wye-Wye (Y-Y)
2. Wye-Delta (Y-Δ)
3. Delta-Wye (Δ-Y)
4. Delta-Delta (Δ-Δ)
 Wye-Wye Connection

The overall voltage ratio is

Line Voltage VLP 3VP
 a
VLS 3VS

where a is the voltage ratio of each phase

 Wye-Delta Connection

The overall voltage ratio is

VLP
 3a
VLS

where a is the voltage ratio of each phase

 Delta-Delta Connection

The overall voltage ratio is

VLP VP
 a
VLS VS
 Delta-Wye Connection

The overall voltage ratio is

VLP 3

VLS a
Three windings at primary (each connected to
1 phase)
Three windings at secondary (each connected to
1 phase)

Efficiency
3V2 I 2 cos 2

3V2 I 2 cos 2  3R SI 22  PIron