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LEB 20503
1
14.3 Response of Basic R, L and C Elements
to a Sinusoidal Voltage or Current (review)
3
15.3 Series Impedances
• The overall properties of series AC circuits are
the same as those for DC circuits.
• For instance, the total impedance of a system is
the sum of the individual impedances:
[Ω]
4
15.3 Series Impedances
Example 15.7
Draw the impedance diagram
and find the total impedance.
Solution
ZT Z1 Z 2
R0 X L 90
R jX L
4 j8
ZT 8.9463.34
5
15.3 Series Impedances
Example 15.8
Draw the impedance diagram
and find the total impedance.
Solution
ZT Z1 Z 2 Z 3
R0 X L 90 X C 90
R jX L jX C
6 j10 j12
6 j2
ZT 6.32 18.43
6
15.3 Series AC Circuit
• In a series AC configuration having two
impedances, the current I is the same through
each element (as it was for the series DC circuit)
• The current is determined by Ohm’s Law:
ZT Z1 Z 2
V1 ??, V2 ??
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15.3 Series Configuration
• Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law can be applied in the
same manner as it is employed for a DC circuit.
Where
E, I : effective values (Erms, Irms)
θT : phase angle between E and I
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14.5 Power Factor
Power factor Fp cos T
P Erms I rms cos T
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15.3 Series Configuration
R-L
1. Phasor Notation
ZT Z1 Z 2
(30) (490)
3 j4
ZT 5 53.13
Impedance diagram:
12
15.3 Series Configuration
R-L
3. I
E 100 V0
I
ZT 5 53.13
I 20 A 53.13
13
15.3 Series Configuration
R-L
4. VR and VL
Ohm’s Law:
VR I Z R
(20 A 53.13 )(3 0)
VR 60 53.13 V
VL I Z L
(20 A 53.13 )(4 90 )
VL 8036.87 V
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15.3 Series Configuration
R-L
Kirchhoff’s voltage law:
V EV R VL 0
E VR VL
Or;
In rectangular form, VR 60 V 53.13 36 j 48 V;
VL 80 V36.87 64 j 48 V
E VR VL
(36 j 48) (64 j 48) 100 j 0
100 V0 15
15.3 Series Configuration
R-L
Phasor diagram:
E 100 V0
I 20 A 53.13
VR 60 53.13 V
VL 8036.87 V
PT EI cos T
(100)(20) cos 53.13
1200 W
Where
E, I : effective values;
θT : phase angle between E and I
Or; PT I 2 R 20 2 3 1200 W
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15.3 Series Configuration
R-L
Power factor:
Fp cos T
cos 53.13
Fp 0.6 lagging
P EI cos
P I 2 R IR R R R
cos FP cos T
EI EI E E I ZT ZT
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15.3 Series Configuration
R-C
1. Phasor Notation
Impedance diagram:
ZT Z1 Z 2
(60) (8 90)
6 j8
ZT 10 53.13
20
15.3 Series Configuration
R-C
3. E
E IZT
(553.13 )(10 53.13 )
E 500 V
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15.3 Series Configuration
R-C
4. VR and VC
Ohm’s Law:
VR I Z R
(553.13 )(60 )
VR 3053.13 V
VC I ZC
(553.13 )(8 90 )
VC 40 36.87 V
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15.3 Series Configuration
R-C
Kirchhoff’s voltage law:
V E V R VC 0
Or; E VR VC
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15.3 Series Configuration
R-C
Phasor diagram:
I 553.13 A
E 500 V
VR 3053.13 V
VC 40 36.87 V
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15.3 Series Configuration
R-C
Power:
The total power delivered to the circuit is
P EI cos T
(50)(5) cos 53.13
150 W
Or; P I 2 R 52 6 150 W
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15.3 Series Configuration
R-C
Power factor:
Fp cos T
cos 53.13
Fp 0.6 leading
Or; R
FP cos T
ZT
6
FP 0.6 leading
10 27
15.3 Series Configuration
R-L-C
1. Phasor Notation
TIME DOMAIN
PHASOR DOMAIN
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15.3 Series Configuration
R-L-C Impedance diagram:
2. ZT
ZT Z1 Z 2 Z 3
R0 X L 90 X C 90
3 j 7 j3
3 j4
ZT 553.13 29
15.3 Series Configuration
R-L-C
3. I
E 500
I
ZT 553.13
I 10 53.13 A
30
15.3 Series Configuration
R-L-C
4. VR , VL and VC
Ohm’s Law:
VR IZ R (10 53.13 )(30 )
VR 30 53.13 V
V E V R VL VC 0
Or; E VR VL VC
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15.3 Series Configuration
R-L-C
Phasor diagram:
E 500 V
I 10 53.13 A
VR 30 53.13 V
VL 7036.87 V
VC 30 143.13 V
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15.3 Series Configuration
R-L-C
Power:
The total power delivered to the circuit is
PT EI cos T (50)(10) cos 53.13 300 W
Power factor:
Fp cos T cos 53.13
Fp 0.6 lagging
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15.4 Voltage Divider Rule
• The basic format for the VDR in AC circuits is
exactly the same as that for the DC circuits.
Zx
Vx E
ZT
Where
Vx : voltage across one or more elements in a series that
have total impedance Zx
E : total voltage appearing across the series circuit.
ZT : total impedance of the series circuit.
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15.3 Series Configuration
Example 15.11(a)
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15.3 Series Configuration
Example 15.11(a) - Solution
3. Calculate I.
E 200
I I 1.33 48.16 A
ZT 1548.16
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15.3 Series Configuration
Example 15.11(a) – Solution (cont’d)
RT XL XC
4. Calculate VR, VL and VC
10 W 37.7 W 26.53 W
VE
VR IZ R 200 V I
VC IZ C
VC 35.28 138.16 V
(1.33 48.16 )(26.53 90 ) 41
15.3 Series Configuration
Example 15.11(b)
Solution
E 200 V I 1.33 48.16 A
Angle between E and I is 48.16
Fp 0.667 lagging
42
15.3 Series Configuration
Example 15.11(c)
Calculate the average power delivered to the circuit.
Solution
PT 17.74 W
43
15.3 Series Configuration
Example 15.11(d)
Draw the phasor diagram.
Solution
E 200 V
I 1.33 48.16 A
VR 13.3 48.16 V
VL 50.1441.84 V
VC 35.28 138.16 V
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15.3 Series Configuration
Example 15.11(e)
Obtain the phasor sum of VR, VL and VC and show
that it equals the input voltage E.
Solution
VR 13.3 48.16 V 8.894 j 9.933 V
VL 50.1441.84 V 37.355 j 33.446 V
VC 35.28 138.16 V 26.284 j 23.534 V
E VR VL VC
8.894 37.355 26.284 j 9.933 j 33.446 j 23.534
E 19.965 j 0.021 20 j 0 200 V
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15.3 Series Configuration
Example 15.11(f)
Find VR and VC using voltage divider rule.
RT XL XC
ZR 100
VR E ( 200
) VR 13.3 48.16 V
ZT 1548.16
ZC 26.53 90
VC E ( 200
) VC 35.37 138.16 V
ZT 1548.16
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15.6 Summaries of Series AC Circuits
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15.6 Summaries of Series AC Circuits
(continued…)
• The magnitude of the voltage across an element
as compared to the other elements of the circuit
is directly related to the magnitude of its
impedance; that is, the larger the impedance of
an element , the larger the magnitude of the
voltage across the element.
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15.6 Summaries of Series AC Circuits
(continued…)
• The current is always in phase with the voltage
across the resistive elements, lags the voltage
across all the inductive elements by 90°, and
leads the voltage across the capacitive elements
by 90°.
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