1.

Description of the theme:

PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) is a technique used to dynamically vary the voltage given to an
electronic device. This method changes very quickly the voltage offered to that device from ON
to OFF state and vice versa. The coressponding state ON from a ON-OFF period is called duty-
cycle and represents the amount of voltage that an electronic device will receive.

The principle of operation is simple. A non-sinusoidal oscillator is generated to emit a triangular

signal at the output. This triangular generator will be connected to a comparator that will
compare the waveform with a DC level. The output will be pulse width modulated.

SPECIFICATIONS FOR THIS PROJECT:

 Frequency:  17.500 kHz

 Duty cycle:  10% - 90%

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  PWM amplitude  6V
 Supply voltage:  ±16V

All the components used have standard values and tolerances. The capacitor have 10% tolerance
and the resistors 5% tolerance.
The op-amp used is TL082: https://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/tl082-n.pdf

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 FINAL CIRCUIT:

2.Functionality of the circuit and

results
 The first part of the circuit consist on a non-sinusoidal generator that have the purpose
to generate a triangular wave. Also, from this part of the circuit the this part of the circuit
the frequency of the hole circuit is determined by the FKQ. U2A amp is Trigger Schmitt.
Schmitt trigger is a comparator circuit with hysteresis implemented by applying positive
feedback to the noninverting input of a comparator or differential amplifier. It is an active
circuit which converts an analog input signal to a digital output signal. The circuit is
named a "trigger" because the output retains its value until the input changes sufficiently
to trigger a change. U1A amp is an integrator that produces an output voltage that is both
proportional to the amplitude and duration of the input signal.

3
 −R 3 −820
 V PH = R V OL= 2.4 k (−10 )=3.41 V
4
−R3 −820
 −V PL= R V OH = 2.4 k ( 10 )=−3.41 V
4

From this two equations it results that the triangle will be created by
the charging and discharging of the C capacitor. The capacitor will be
on charging until V PH (3.41V) and then it will be on discharging until
−V PL (-3.41V). Moreover, this equations were determined by applying
Millman’s theorem on the U2A amp.

FREQUENCY DETERMINATION:

R3
T =4 ( R+αFKQ ) C ;
R4

1
f=
T
;
1
f ❑= ;
=> R3
4 ( R + FKQ ) C
R4

4
 7
I have to mention the fact that in order to obtain the frequency range
from specifications and to use standard values for the components I
added a resistor Rp in parallel with the FKQ.
To generate this result I used a time analysis with Run to time =
0.5ms.
Then I performed a parametric secondary analysis with a set
parameter of FKQ. I chose the value list 0 0.5 1.
The last time I selected a performance analysis where I choose Goal
Function as Period and I displayed 1 / Period (V (OUT)).
30K

20K

10K

SEL>>
0
0 20m 40m 60m 80m 100m 120m 140m 160m 180m 200m
1/Period(V(OUT))
fkq
6.10478V

6.10477V

6.10476V

6.10475V
0s 50us 100us 150us 200us 250us 300us 350us 400us 450us 500us
V(out)
Time

 The second part of the circuit is a comparator, U3A. In the non-

inverting input is connected the triangular wave generator, part that is

5
 compared with the inverting input where is connected a DC level. In
this way a pulse width modulation is produced. Also, from the
inverting input of U3A I varied the duty cycle with the help of the
DUTY potentiometer. At the output of this comparator we can see the
pulse width modulated wave with an amplitude of 6V, value
determined with a resistive divider.

AMPLITUDE DETERMINATION:

R2
VCC= ×V (OUT )
R 1 + R2

DUTY-CYCLE DETERMINATION:

( 1−D ) T V REF + A TRI

= =¿ V REF =2 A TRI ( 1−D )− A TRI
T 2 A TRI

Where: ATRI is the amplitude of the triangular wave.

V REF is a threshold voltage that will be compared with the triangular
wave and this process helped for the variation of the duty cycle between
10% and 90%.

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When the cursor of the DUTY potentiometer is 0 we have the minimum
duty-cycle:

 MONTE-CARLO ANALYSIS:
The Monte-Carlo analysis is the best waay of analyzing the circuit in
statistical terms, to see the circuit behaves at components values
variation. Monte Carlo determines,statistically, the circuit behavior
when the components values are changed in their tolerance domain.
P 100
e
r
c
e
n
t
o
f
S
a
m
p
l 50
e
s

SEL>>
0
0 100u 200u 300u 400u 500u 600u 700u 800u
Period(V(OUT))
n samples = 98 mean = 7.54467e-005 minimum = 4.94144e-005 median = 5.76443e-005 maximum = 0.000778128
n divisions = 10 sigma = 9.03519e-005 10th %ile = 5.2387e-005 90th %ile = 6.37246e-005 3*sigma = 0.000271056
10V

0V

-10V
0s 50us 100us 150us 200us 250us 300us 350us 400us 450us 500us
... V(TRI) ... V(DC) ... V(OUT)
Time

Bibliography:
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http://www.bel.utcluj.ro/dce/didactic/fec/fec.htm
http://www.pspice.com/pwm-generator

https://www.edaboard.com/showthread.php?340719-how-to-do-sine-
PWM-generation-in-orcad-pspice

http://www.ecircuitcenter.com/Circuits/pwm/pwm.htm