LECTURE-DC Machine

Chapter 1
DC Machines
Electrotechnique 1
LEB 20503
LEB 20503 Electrotechnique 1

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Introduction
• An electrical machine is link between an electrical

system and a mechanical system.
• Conversion from mechanical to electrical: generator
• Conversion from electrical to mechanical: motor

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Introduction
Machines are called
• AC machines (generators or motors) if the electrical

system is AC.
• DC machines (generators or motors) if the
electrical system is DC.
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DC machines can be divide by:
a) DC motor
b) DC Generator
DC Machines
DC Motor DC Generator
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DC Machines Construction
cutaway view of a dc machine

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cutaway view of a dc machine

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Rotor of a dc machine
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Stator of a dc machine
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DC Machines Fundamentals
• Stator: is the stationary part of the machine. The
stator carries a field winding that is used to
produce the required magnetic field by DC
excitation.
• Rotor (Armature): is the rotating part of the
machine. The rotor carries a distributed winding,
and is the winding where the e.m.f. is induced.
• Field winding: Is wound on the stator poles to
produce magnetic field (flux) in the air gap.
• Armature winding: Is composed of coils placed in
the armature slots.
• Commutator: Is composed of copper bars,
insulated from each other. The armature winding
is connected to the commutator.
• Brush: Is placed against the commutator surface.
Brush is used to connect the armature winding to
external circuit through commutator

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In DC machines, conversion of energy from electrical to
mechanical form or vice versa results from the following two
electromagnetic phenomena
1.When a conductor moves in a magnetic field, voltage is induced in

the conductor.
2. When a current carrying conductor is placed in magnetic field, the

conductor experiences a mechanical forces.

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Generator action:
An e.m.f. (voltage) is induced in a conductor if it
moves through a magnetic field.
Motor action:
A force is induced in a conductor that has a current
going through it and placed in a magnetic field
•Any DC machine can act either as a generator or

as a motor.
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DC Machines Equivalent Circuit
The equivalent circuit of DC machines has two
components:
Armature circuit:
• It can be represented by a voltage source and a
resistance connected in series (the armature
resistance). The armature winding has a resistance, RA.
The field circuit:

• It is represented by a winding that generates the
magnetic field and a resistance connected in series.
The field winding has resistance RF.

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DC Motor

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Basic Operation of DC Motor
• In a dc motor, the stator poles
are supplied by dc excitation
current, which produces a dc
magnetic field.
• The rotor is supplied by dc
current through the brushes,
commutator and coils.
• The interaction of the
magnetic field and rotor
current generates a force that
drives the motor.

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• The magnetic field lines enter into
the rotor from the north pole (N)
and exit toward the south pole (S)
• The poles generate a magnetic
field that is perpendicular to the
current carrying conductors
• The interaction between the field
and the current produces a
Lorentz force
• The force is perpendicular to both
the magnetic field and conductor

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• The generated force turns the
rotor until the coil reaches the
neutral point between the poles.
• At this point, the magnetic field
becomes practically zero
together with the force.
• However, inertia drives the motor
beyond the neutral zone where
the direction of the magnetic field
reverses.
• To avoid the reversal of the force
direction, the commutator
changes the current direction,
which maintains the counter
clockwise rotation.
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• Before reaching the neutral zone,
the current enters in segment 1
and exits from segment 2
• Therefore, current enters the coil
end at slot ‘a’ and exits from slot
‘b’ during this stage
• After passing the neutral zone,
the current enters segment 2 and
exits from segment 1,
• This reverses the current
direction through the rotor coil,
when the coil passes the neutral
zone
• The result of this current reversal
is the maintenance of the rotation

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Classification of DC Motor
1. Separately Excited DC Motor
• Field and armature windings are either connected
separate.
2. Shunt DC Motor
• Field and armature windings are either connected in
parallel.
3. Series DC Motor
• Field and armature windings are connected in
series.
4. Compound DC Motor
• Has both shunt and series field so it combines
features of series and shunt motors.
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Important terms
• VT – supply voltage
• EA – internal generated voltage/back e.m.f.
• RA – armature resistance
• RF – field/shunt resistance
• RS – series resistance
• IL – load current
• IF – field current
• IA – armature current
• IL – load current
• n – speed
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Generated or back e.m.f. of DC
•
Motor
General form of back e.m.f.,
ZN P
EA  
60 A
Φ = flux/pole (Weber)
Z = total number of armature conductors
= number of slots x number of conductor/slot
P = number of poles
A = number of parallel paths in armature
[A = 2 (for wave winding), A = P (for lap winding)]
N = armature rotation (rpm)
EA = back e.m.f.

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Torque Equation of a DC Motor
• The armature torque of a DC motor is given by
ZI A P
Ta   ( Newton  meter )
2 A
P = number of poles
IA = armature current
Ta = armature torque
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Back EMF
When a d.c. motor rotates, an e.m.f. is induced in the armature
conductors. By Lenz’s law this induced e.m.f. E opposes the
supply voltage V and is called a back e.m.f., and the supply
voltage, V is given by:
V = E + IaRa or E = V − IaRa
Example:
The armature of a d.c. machine has a resistance of 0.25Ω and
is connected to a 300V supply. Calculate the e.m.f. generated
when it is running:
as a generator giving 100A.
as a motor taking 80 A.

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Back EMF
Solution
As Generator
Generated e.m.f, E=V+IaRa
E=300+(100)(0.25)
=325V

As a motor, generated e.m.f (or back e.m.f)
E=V-IaRa
=300-(80)(0.25)
=280V.

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Torque of DC motor.
The supply voltage of DC motor is given by;
V=E+IaRa

Multiplying both side with Ia
VIa=EIa+Ia2Ra

The term VIa is the total electrical power supplied to the
armature, the term Ia2Ra is the loss due to armature
resistance, and the term EIa is the mechanical power
developed by the armature If T is the torque, in newton
metres, then the mechanical power developed is given by
Tω watts.

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Torque of DC motor.
Hence ,Tω = 2πnT = EIa
from which,EI
Torque, T  a
2 πn
The e.m.f generated is given by;

2 p  nZ
E
c
Hence;
2 p  nZ
2 πnT  EI a  ( ) Ia
c
 2 p  nZ 
Hence, torque  
c
T I
a
2 πn

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Torque of DC motor.
Where,
Z = number of armature conductors,
Φ= useful flux per pole, in webers,
P= number of pairs of poles.
n = armature speed in rev/s
c = number of parallel paths through the winding between
positive and negative brushes

For a given machine Z, c and p are fixed values.
Hence, Torque,T  I
a
Exercise 1, Exercise 2

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Types of DC motor.
Shunt motor
In the shunt wound motor the field winding is in parallel
with the armature across the supply as shown in Fig. below.
Supply voltage, V  E  I a R a
or generated e.m.f., E  V  I a R a
Supply current, I  I a  I f
Exercise 1, ExerciseLEB
2 20503 Electrotechnique 1
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Types of DC motor.
Series motor
In the series-wound motor the field winding is in series with
the armature across the supply as shown in Fig. below.
For the series motor,
Supply voltage V  E  I  R a  R f 
or generated e.m.f. E  V  I  R a  R f 
Exercise 1
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Types of DC motor.
18/9/13
Compound Wound Motor
There are two types compound wound motor.
a. Cumulative compound, in which the series winding is so
connected that the field due to it assists that due to the
shunt winding.

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Types of DC motor.
b. Differential compound, in which the series winding is so

connected that the field due to it opposes that due to the
shunt winding.

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Types of DC motor.
Efficiency of DC motor
The efficiency of a d.c. machine is given by:
output power
Efficiency,  x100
input power
The total lost = I a2 R a  I f V  C
Where C are the iron, friction and windage losses
For motor
The input power =VI
The output power = VI – losses =VI  I a2 R a  I f V  C
Hence the efficiency,
 VI  I a2 Ra  I f V  C 
    x100%

 VI 
The efficiency of motor is maximum when the load is such that:
I a2 Ra  I f V  C Exercise 1, Exercise 2
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Speed of a DC Motor
• For shunt motor

n2 E A 2 1 n2 E A 2
  If 2  1 , then 
n1 E A1 2 n1 E A1
• For series motor
n2 E A 2 1 E A 2 I A1
   
n1 E A1 2 E A1 I A 2
L01-21/1/2013
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DC Motor Starter
a. If a d.c. motor whose armature is stationary is switched
directly to its supply voltage, it is likely that the fuses
protecting the motor will burn out.
b. This is because the armature resistance is small, frequently
being less than one ohm. Thus, additional resistance must be
added to the armature circuit at the instant of closing the
switch to start the motor.
c. As the speed of the motor increases, the armature conductors
are cutting flux and a generated voltage, acting in opposition to
the applied voltage, is produced, which limits the flow of
armature current.
d. Thus the value of the additional armature resistance can then
be reduced.

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DC Motor Starter
e. When at normal running speed, the generated e.m.f. is such
that no additional resistance is required in the armature circuit
To achieve this varying resistance in the armature circuit on
starting, a d.c. motor starter is used, as shown in figure below.
f. The starting handle is moved slowly in a clockwise direction

to start the motor.
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DC Motor Starter
g. For a shunt-wound motor, the field winding is connected to
stud 1 or to L via a sliding contact on the starting handle,to
give maximum field current, hence maximum flux, hence
maximum torque on starting, sinceT.I a
h. A similar arrangement without the field connection is used
for series motors.

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Example 1
A 250 V, DC shunt motor takes a line
current of 20 A. Resistance of shunt
field winding is 200 Ω and resistance of
the armature is 0.3 Ω. Find the
armature current, IA and the back e.m.f.,
EA.

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Example 2
A 50hp, 250 V, 1200 r/min dc shunt motor
with compensating windings has an
armature resistance (including the
brushes, compensating windings, and
interpoles) of 0.06 Ω. Its field circuit has a
total resistance Radj + RF of 50 Ω, which
produces a no-load speed of 1200 r/min.
There are 1200 turns per pole on the
shunt field winding.
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Example 2 (cont..)
a) Find the speed of this motor when its
input current is 100 A.
b) Find the speed of this motor when its
c) Find the speed of this motor when its

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Example 3
The motor in Example 2 is now connected in
separately excited circuit as shown in Figure 3.
The motor is initially running at speed, n = 1103
r/min with VA = 250 V and IA = 120 A, while
supplying a constant-torque load. If VA is reduced
to 200 V, determine
i). the internal generated voltage, EA
ii). the final speed of this motor, n2

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Example 3 (cont..)
Figure 3

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Example 4
A DC series motor is running with a speed
of 800 r/min while taking a current of 20 A
from the supply. If the load is changed
such that the current drawn by the motor
is increased to 50 A, calculate the speed
of the motor on new load. The armature
and series field winding resistances are
0.2 Ω and 0.3 Ω respectively. Assume the
flux produced is proportional to the
current. Assume supply voltage as 250 V.
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DC Generator

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Generating of an AC Voltage
• The voltage generated
in any dc generator
inherently alternating
and only becomes dc
after it has been rectified
by the commutator

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Generation of an DC Voltage

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Armature windings
• The armature windings are usually former-
wound. This are first wound in the form of flat
rectangular coils and are then puller.
• Various conductors of the coils are insulated
each other. The conductors are placed in the
armature slots which are lined with tough
insulating material.
• This slot insulation is folded over above the
armature conductors placed in the slot and is
secured in place by special hard wooden or fiber
wedges.
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Lap and wave Windings
There are two types of windings mostly

employed:
• Lap winding
• Wave winding
The difference between the two is merely

due to the different arrangement of the end
connection at the front or commutator end of
armature.
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Generated or back e.m.f. of DC
Generator
• General form of generated e.m.f.,
ZN P
E 
60 A
P = number of poles
[A = 2 (for wave winding), A = P (for lap winding)]
N = armature rotation (rpm)
E = e.m.f. induced in any parallel path in armature

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Classification of DC Generator
1. Separately Excited DC Generator
• Field and armature windings are either connected
separate.
2. Shunt DC Generator
• Field and armature windings are either connected in
parallel.
3. Series DC Generator
• Field and armature windings are connected in
series.
4. Compound DC Generator
• Has both shunt and series field so it combines
features of series and shunt motors.
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Equivalent circuit of DC generator
Separately excited DC generator
IL  IA IF 
VF
RF
VT  E A  I A RA
Shunt DC generator
IL  I A  IF IF 
VT
RF
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Series DC generator
IL  IS  I A
VT  E A  I A ( RA  RS )
Compound DC generator
IL  I A  IF IF 
VT
RF
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Example
• A DC shunt generator
has shunt field winding
resistance of 100Ω. It
is supplying a load of
5kW at a voltage of
250V. If its armature
resistance is 0.02Ω,
calculate the induced
e.m.f. of the generator.

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LECTURE-DC Machine

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Chapter 1

LEB 20503 Electrotechnique 1

• An electrical machine is link between an electrical

• Conversion from mechanical to electrical: generator

• Conversion from electrical to mechanical: motor

Machines are called

• AC machines (generators or motors) if the electrical

cutaway view of a dc machine

cutaway view of a dc machine

LEB 20503 Electrotechnique 1

1.When a conductor moves in a magnetic field, voltage is induced in

2. When a current carrying conductor is placed in magnetic field, the

LEB 20503 Electrotechnique 1

•Any DC machine can act either as a generator or

The field circuit:

LEB 20503 Electrotechnique 1

LEB 20503 Electrotechnique 1

LEB 20503 Electrotechnique 1

LEB 20503 Electrotechnique 1

LEB 20503 Electrotechnique 1

LEB 20503 Electrotechnique 1

LEB 20503 Electrotechnique 1

LEB 20503 Electrotechnique 1

LEB 20503 Electrotechnique 1

LEB 20503 Electrotechnique 1

The e.m.f generated is given by;

LEB 20503 Electrotechnique 1

LEB 20503 Electrotechnique 1

LEB 20503 Electrotechnique 1

b. Differential compound, in which the series winding is so

LEB 20503 Electrotechnique 1

• For shunt motor

• For series motor

LEB 20503 Electrotechnique 1

f. The starting handle is moved slowly in a clockwise direction

LEB 20503 Electrotechnique 1

LEB 20503 Electrotechnique 1

LEB 20503 Electrotechnique 1

LEB 20503 Electrotechnique 1

LEB 20503 Electrotechnique 1

LEB 20503 Electrotechnique 1

LEB 20503 Electrotechnique 1

LEB 20503 Electrotechnique 1

There are two types of windings mostly

The difference between the two is merely

LEB 20503 Electrotechnique 1

LEB 20503 Electrotechnique 1

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