Basic Electrical Engineering
DC Generator
Nashrah Afroze
Lecturer
Department of EEE, KUET
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Khulna University of Engineering and Technology
Khulna, Bangladesh
What is Electrical Machine?
An electrical machine is the apparatus that converts energy in three
categories:
Generators which convert mechanical energy to electrical energy
Motors which convert electrical energy to mechanical energy
Transformers which changes the voltage level of an alternating power.
Classification of Electrical Machines
Electrical
Machines
DC Machines AC Machines
DC Machines
DC Machines
DC Generator DC Motor
Classification of DC Machines
DC MACHINES
DC GENERATOR DC MOTOR
SEPERATELY SEPERATELY SELF
SELF EXCITED EXCITED
EXCITED EXCITED
SHUNT SERIES COMPOUND SHUNT SERIES COMPOUND
CUMULATIVE DIFFERENTIAL CUMULATIVE DIFFERENTIAL
DC Generator
➢A DC generator is an Electrical Machine which converts
Mechanical energy into Electrical Energy (DC).
➢The Energy conversion is based on Faraday’s Law of
Electromagnetic Induction.
Faraday’s Law
Faraday’s Law
Lenz’s Law
Fleming’s Right-Hand Rule
Voltage induction in DC Generator
Voltage induction in DC Generator
Voltage induction in DC Generator
Voltage induction in DC Generator
Voltage induction in DC Generator
Voltage induction in DC Generator
Voltage induction in DC Generator
Voltage induction in DC Generator
Voltage induction in DC Generator
Commutation
Commutation
Working Principle of DC Generator
DC Generator Parts
DC Generator Parts
Yoke
Armature Core
Pole core and pole shoe
Pole Coils
Commutator and brushes
Brushes
Bearing
DC Generator Parts
Pole Pitch
It is equal to the number of armature conductors (or armature slots)
per pole.
If there are 48 conductors and 4 poles, the pole pitch is 48/4 = 12.
Conductor
The length of a wire lying in the
magnetic field and in which an
e.m.f. is induced, is called a
conductor (or inductor) as,
for example, length AB or CD
Coil Pitch
It is the distance, measured in terms of
armature slots (or armature conductors)
between two sides of a coil.
Back Pitch (YB)
The distance, measured in terms of the
armature conductors, which a coil
advances on the back of the armature
is called back pitch and is denoted by YB.
Here, YB is 8-1=7
Front Pitch (YF)
The number of armature conductors
or elements spanned by a coil on the
front (or commutator end of an
armature) is called the front pitch
and is designated by YF.
Or,
It is the distance between the two
Coil sides connected to the
Commutator.
Here, Front pitch, 8-3=5
Resultant Pitch (YR)
It is the distance between the
beginning of one coil and the
beginning of the next coil to
which it is connected
Types of Winding
•Lap Winding
•Wave Winding
Wave Winding
Lap Winding
Lap and Wave Winding
Dummy or Idle coils
These dummy coils do not
influence the electrical
characteristics of the winding
because they are not connected
to the commutator. They are
exactly similar to the other coils
except that their ends are cut
short and taped. They are there
simply to provide mechanical
balance for the armature
because an armature having
some slots without windings
would be out of balance
mechanically
Types of Generator
Mathematical Problem1
Mathematical Problem1
Mathematical Problem2
Mathematical Problem2
Mathematical Problem3
Mathematical Problem3
Generated emf of a Generator
Generated emf of a Generator (Cont.)
Iron Losses in Armature
• Due to the rotation of the iron core of the armature in the magnetic
flux of the field poles, there are some losses taking place continuously
in the core and are known as Iron Losses or Core Losses.
• Iron losses consist of (i) Hysteresis loss and (ii) Eddy Current loss
Hysteresis Loss
This loss is due to the reversal of magnetization of the armature core.
Every portion of the rotating core passes under N and S pole
alternately, thereby attaining S and N polarity respectively. The core
undergoes one complete cycle of magnetic reversal after passing
under one pair of poles. If P is the number of poles and N, the
armature speed in r.p.m., then frequency of magnetic reversals is f =
PN/120
Eddy current Loss
Total Loss in D.C Generator
Stray Losses
Magnetic and mechanical losses are collectively known as Stray
Losses. These are also known as rotational losses for obvious reasons
Constant or Standing Losses
Field Cu loss is constant for shunt and compound generators. Hence,
stray losses and shunt Cu loss are constant in their case. These losses
are together known as standing or constant losses, Wc.
Power Stages
Condition for Maximum efficiency
Armature Reaction
m.n.a- Magnetic neutral axis
g.n.a- Geometric neutral axis
Fm- m.m.f produced by main flux
Flux distribution when there is no current in the armature
conductors
Armature Reaction (Cont.)
FA- m.m.f produced by armature conductors
Flux setup by armature conductors alone
when carrying current, the field coils Due to the brush shift, armature conductors and armature current
being unexcited are redistributed. Some conductors which were under the influence
of N pole now comes under the influence of S pole.
Voltage build up in Shunt Generator
Before loading a shunt generator, it is allowed to build up its voltage.
Usually, there is always present some residual magnetism in the
poles, hence a small e.m.f. is produced initially. This e.m.f. circulates a
small current in the field circuit which increases the pole flux
(provided field circuit is properly connected to armature, otherwise
this current may wipe off the residual magnetism). When flux is
increased, generated e.m.f. is increased which further increases the
flux and so on.
What happens to terminal voltage when
Shunt generator is loaded?
Mathematical problem 4
Mathematical Problems
B.L Thereja:
Chapter 26- 26.3-26.7,26.8-26.9,26.11(a)
