PRESENTED BY:-

APEX INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY
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  DC Motor Construction
 Principle of Operation
 Induced emf in the Armature
 Torque
 Armature Terminal Voltage
 Methods of Connection
 Shunt Wound DC Motor
 Series Wound DC Motor
 Separately Excited DC Motor

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Electric machines can be classified in terms of their energy
conversion characteristics.
Generators convert mechanical energy from a prime mover
(e.g., an internal combustion engine) to electrical form.
form
Examples of generators are those used in power-generating plants, or
automotive alternator.
Motors convert electrical energy to mechanical form.
form
Electric motors provide forces and torques to generate motion in countless
industrial applications.
For Example Machine tools, robots, punches, presses, mills, and propulsion
systems for electric vehicles are but a few examples of the application of electric
machines in engineering.

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Distinction can be made between different types of windings characterized by the nature of
the current they carry.

 If the current serves the purpose of providing a magnetic field and is independent
of the load, (it is called a magnetizing, or excitation, current) the winding is
termed a field winding.
winding
(nearly always DC and are of relatively low power, since their only purpose is to
magnetize the core).

 However, if the winding carries only the load current, it is called an armature.
armature

In DC and AC synchronous machines, separate windings exist to carry field and armature
currents.

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A Motor/Generator are made of
 Stator: This is the stationary part
Separated by an air gap
 Rotor: This is the rotating part

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 The rotor is mounted on a bearing-supported shaft, which can be connected to:
 Mechanical loads (functioning as a motor), or
 A prime mover (functioning as a generator) by means of belts, pulleys, chains, or other
mechanical couplings.

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 + + + =
Rotor: Stator DC Machine
Commutator Brushes
Armature Mechanical Electrical Produces an
conductor are rectifier connector external flux
connected to the
converts ac to between
Commutator
dc armature and
power
Made of copper
segment Pressure is
insulated by adjusted using
mica the spring
 When a current carrying conductor
is placed in a magnetic field, the
conductor experience a mechanical
force.
 Direction is given by Flemings left
hand rule
( F- B; S-I; T- M)

 Magnitude is F=B.I.L

Consider a motor with one pair of poles, an armature with a single

conductor coil and a commutator with only two segments,
If is field current supplied to the field winding to establish the main field
between the poles N and S.
Ia is armature current via the carbon brushes. This current produces
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magnetic fields around the armature conductors
 Magnitude is F=BIL

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Magnetic field due to Stator and Filed Stator and Filed Magnetic interaction
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 As the coil rotates an emf is induced in each conductor which opposes the externally
supplied armature current, Ia.
 The external supply must overcome this emf if the machine is to continue motoring and
deliver mechanical power through its shaft.
 Faraday’s Law states that the
emf induced in a conductor = rate of change of flux linkages

 Taken over a period of time

Average emf induced in conductor = total flux linkage
total time of linkage
So, When conductor 1 is close to N-pole:
Total flux emanating from that pole = 
Average emf induced in conductor1 = total flux linkage φ
  2nφ Volts
total time of linkage  1 
 
Therefore, if the coil rotating at n rev sec-1  2n 
Each conductor will be close to a particular pole 2n times per rotation
26  1 
Each conductor will link with its magnetic flux for sec per rotation

 2n 
 Number of poles affects the induced emf
 Machines have several pairs of poles.
 For a machine with p pole pairs, the average emf in each conductor is given by:

φ
 average emf induced = total flux per pole   2pnφ Volts
1 1 
in a conductor total time conductor is under a pole  p  2n 
 

Total emf induced = average emf induced  number of armatur

in armature winding in one conductor conductors in series
E = 2pn  As

The number of poles (2p) and the number of armature conductors in series (As) are constant
for a particular machine. Therefore k = 2p As

E = kn Volts
k
E φω Volts
Since the angular velocity,  = 2n 2π
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 Electrical power delivered = Armature emf  Armature current
to the armature

Pa = E  Ia
This power creates the torque to make the armature rotate.

Electrical torque developed = Electrical power delivered to the armature

in the armature Angular velocity

Remember: Power is the rate at which work is done; Work done in 1 s = force ×
distance
Power = work done / time taken
P k 1 k
Te  a
  φ ω  Ia   φ Ia Newton meters
ω  2π ω 2π

Mechanical torque|at the shaft = Electrical torque - “Lost” torque|due to frictional and other losses

28 The “lost” torque is small and will be ignored

 The figure represents an equivalent circuit of an armature
 E is the induced emf
Ia
 Ra is the armature resistance
Ra
 The armature terminal voltage is given by:
V
a

Va = E + IaRa E

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 The field and armature windings may be connected to:
 Independent supplies - separately excited
 Common supply - self excited
 Shunt wound: The field and armature windings are connected
in parallel
 Series wound: The field and armature windings are in series
 Compound wound: Has two field windings;
o One connected parallel with the armature and
o Other in series with the armature

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 Field Winding:

iN If Nf
φ 
S S
Where, S is the reluctance,
N is the number of turns in the coil and
i is the coil current.

Armature Winding:
Armature terminal voltage, V = E + Ia R a

V = kn + IaRa

V = K1n + IaRa
with  constant, let K1 = k
V  Ia Ra
 The steady state speed  n 
31 K1
 speed, n

V/K1

V  Ia Ra
From Last Slide n
K1

armature current, Ia

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 torque, T

V  Ia R a
n (from last slide)
K1
k
Using Te  φ Ia
2π
kφ
With φ constant, K2 
2π

armature current, Ia

k
 T  K 2  Ia or T φ  Ia
33 2π
 V  Ia Ra
We had: n
K1

V  K 1n
Ia 
Ra

K2
T [V - K 1n]
Ra

The torque-speed curve shows that shunt motors can be used to drive fairly constant
speed from no load to full torque
Therefore, ideal for use with machine tools, pumps, compressors etc.
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 I
Induced armature
emf, E
Rf
field
winding V
Nf turns
V

Ra
armature
winding
E
Current, I

In the series motor current, I flows through both field and armature windings so:

V = E + I(Ra + Rf)

let R = Ra + Rf  V = E + IR
 E = V - IR

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 I

Rf
field
winding
All dc motors, flux,   field winding current Nf turns
V

For Series wound motor   I;  = K3I

Ra

N.B. this assumption only applies for low currents. armature

winding
E

E = kn
E = kK3In
steady state
E = K4In where K4 = kK3 speed, n

 V = K4.I.n + I.R
1 V 
 n I  R 
K4  

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current, I
 torque, T
torque, T

1 V 
n  R steady state
K 4  I 
 speed, n
current, I
kI a kK 3
T  I.I
2 2
kK 3
 T  K 5I 2 where K 5 
2
 The series motor is a variable speed machine
V ideally suited to drive permanently coupled loads.
I
K 4n  R
 They are often used for electric traction and lifts.
 V 
2
They must never be used on “no load” as the speed
T  K5   will become dangerously high.
 K 4n  R 

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For accurate speed control it is advisable to use a separately excited motor
i.e. Armature and Field Windings supplied through independent dc
AC SUPPLY
rectifiers

If

Ra Rf
CONTROLLED DIODE
RECTIFIER Va Vf RECTIFIER
E

 The diode rectifier supplies constant field current maintaining a fixed value of flux, .

 The controlled rectifier (supplying the armature winding) provides a fully variable
armature terminal voltage, Va.
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 Ia If
AC SUPPLY
Ra Rf
If
Va Vf
Ra Rf
CONTROLLED
Va Vf
DIODE E Nf
RECTIFIER RECTIFIER
E

armature field
winding winding

Va  I a R a
V a = E + I aR a But, E = k..n  Va = kn + IaRa  n
kφ

 Ra is usually small so Va > IaRa. Thus with  constant the speed n, is almost
directly proportional to Va.
 Used for accurate speed control.
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 Today we learnt about
 DC motors
 The three types of DC motors
 Shunt wound DC motors
 Series wound DC motors
 Separately excited DC motor
 and their applications
 We also touched on how to:
 Analyse the performance and principle of operation of DC motors.
 Calculate the torque speed characteristics for the three
different types

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