ELE 1813

Electrical Machines
Lecture 15
DC Machine-2
Electrical Engineering Department
BUITEMS University, Quetta

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 Equivalent Circuit of a DC Generator
The equivalent circuit of a DC generator is shown in Fig.

Ra = Resistance of the armature winding (circuit)

Ia = Armature current
Ea = Internally induced or generated emf in the armature winding
Rf = Resistance of the field winding
Lf = Inductance of the field winding
If = Field current or field excitation
Vf = Voltage across the field winding
Simplified version of the equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. Radj = Adjustable or variable resistor (rheostat) to vary the field excitation
A1A2 = Terminals of the armature winding (circuit)
VT = Terminal voltage or output voltage of the generator
Vbrush = Voltage drop in the carbon brushes
F1F2 = Terminals of the field winding

Variable resistance, Rf, combines the resistances of the field winding and the variable control resistor Radj.
Resistance Ra combines the resistances of the brushes and the armature winding.
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 Types of DC Generators (Machines)
There are two types of DC generators (machines) according to the way in which their field windings
are excited (or energized or given DC supply):
1. Separately-excited DC Generators
2. Self-excited DC Generators
The self-excited DC generators are further subdivided into:
a) Series-wound DC Generators
b) Shunt Wound DC Generators
c) Compound-wound DC Generators
Separately-excited DC Generators
In separately-excited DC generators, the field windings are
energized from a separate external source of DC, independent
of the generator itself.

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 Types of DC Generators (Machines)
Self-excited DC Generators
In self-excited DC generators, the field windings are energized from its own (DC output of the) armature windings.
This type of generator has a distinct advantage over the separately excited DC generator in the sense that no external
power supply is required for energizing the field winding.
Leaves an important question unanswered:
If the generator supplies its own field current, how does it get the initial field flux to start when it is first turned on?
Answer is that due to residual magnetism, there is always present some magnetic flux in the (iron of the) poles
called residual magnetic flux.
When armature rotates some emf, and hence, current is induced in armature conductors which are partly or fully
passed through the field windings, thereby strengthening the residual pole flux.

References:
[1] S. J. Chapman, Electric Machinery Fundamentals, 5th ed. McGraw Hill, 2012, Page: 535.
[2] B. L. Theraja, and A. K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Technology, Volume II. S. Chand & Company Ltd., 2008, Page: 911. 12/1/22 4
[3] J. Hiley, K. Brown, and M. Smith, Hughes Electrical and Electronic Technology, 10th ed. Pearson Education Limited, 2008, Page: 870.
[4] A. E. Fitzgerald, J. Charles Kingsley, and S. D. Umans, Electric Machinery, 6th ed. McGraw Hill, 2003, Page: 361-362.
Series-wound DC Generators
In series-wound DC generators, the field windings are connected in series with the armature winding. As shown in Fig.

Armature winding carries a much higher current than the shunt-field winding
Ia>>Ish

The series-field winding in a DC generator of this sort will have only a very few turns of wire, and the wire used will
be much thicker than the wire used in a shunt-field winding.
Magnetomotive force is given by the equation mmf= NI, exactly the same magnetomotive force can be produced from a few
turns with high current as can be produced from many turns with a low current.

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Shunt-wound DC Generators
In shunt-wound DC generators, the field windings are connected in parallel with the armature winding (or across
the terminals of the armature winding). As shown in Fig.

The shunt field winding has many turns of fine wire having high resistance.
Therefore, only a part of armature current flows through shunt field winding and the rest flows through the load.

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Compound-wound DC Generators
In compound-wound DC generators, both the shunt-field winding and the series-field winding exist.

Two possible connections of the two field-windings:

 Short-shunt connection
 Long shunt-connection.
Short-shunt connection

The series-field circuit is outside the shunt-field circuit.

Only load current, IL, flows through it instead of the full
armature current, Ia.
Long-shunt connection
Series-field circuit is inside the shunt-field circuit and full armature current, Ia, flows through it.
Series field (mmf) and the shunt field (mmf) are in the same direction, the two are additive and such a
generator is said to be a commutatively-compound.

Series field (mmf) and the shunt field (mmf) are in the opposite direction, the two are subtractive and
such a generator is said to be a differentially-compound.
The dots appearing on the two field windings have the same meaning as the dots appearing on a transformer.
That is, current flowing into a dot produces a positive magnetomotive force and vice versa.
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Compound-wound DC Generators
Cumulatively compound DC generator with a long-shunt connection.

Armature current, Ia, (i.e. the series-field current, Is) flows into the dotted end of the series-field winding.
Shunt-field current, Ish, flows into the dotted end of the shunt-field winding.
Net magnetomotive force on this machine is given by:
𝑚𝑚𝑓 𝑛𝑒𝑡 =𝑚𝑚𝑓 𝑠h +𝑚𝑚𝑓 𝑠 − 𝑚𝑚𝑓 𝐴𝑅
mmfnet = Net mmf
mmfsh = mmf of the shunt-field winding
mmfs = mmf of the series field winding
mmfAR = mmf due to armature reaction
F1F2 = Terminals of the shunt-field winding 8
C1C2 = Terminals of the series-field winding
A1A2 = Terminals of the armature winding (circuit)
Compound-wound DC Generators
Cumulatively-Compound DC Generator with a short-shunt connection

Net magnetomotive force on this machine is given by:

𝑚𝑚𝑓 𝑛𝑒𝑡 =𝑚𝑚𝑓 𝑠h +𝑚𝑚𝑓 𝑠 − 𝑚𝑚𝑓 𝐴𝑅

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Compound-wound DC Generators
Differentially-compound DC generator with a long-shunt connection

Armature current, Ia, (i.e. the series-field current, Is) flows out of the dotted end of the series-field winding.
Shunt-field current, Ish, flows into the dotted end of the shunt-field winding
Net magnetomotive force on this machine is given by:
𝑚𝑚𝑓 𝑛𝑒𝑡 =𝑚𝑚𝑓 𝑠h − 𝑚𝑚𝑓 𝑠 − 𝑚𝑚𝑓 𝐴𝑅

References:
[1] B. L. Theraja, and A. K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Technology, Volume II. S. Chand & Company Ltd., 2008, Page: 911.
[2] J. Hiley, K. Brown, and M. Smith, Hughes Electrical and Electronic Technology, 10th ed. Pearson Education Limited, 2008, Page: 870.
[3] S. J. Chapman, Electric Machinery Fundamentals, 5th ed. McGraw Hill, 2012, Page: 543-544, 547-549. 10

[4] A. E. Fitzgerald, J. Charles Kingsley, and S. D. Umans, Electric Machinery, 6th ed. McGraw Hill, 2003, Page: 364.
[5] T. Wildi, Electrical Machines, Drives and Power Systems, 5th ed. Prentice Hall, 2002, Page: 83-84.
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