ILLUSTRATION 7/8

LESSON 1 : USE OF HAND TOOLS

The use of right tools and equipment in Illustration is a must. The most basic tools and equipment are
discussed in this electronic module to give you an overview of the illustration process.

Illustration Tools

1. Drawing Paper – There is a lot of variety of paper, soft or hard. The most commonly used is oslo paper
and bond paper.

2. Masking Tape – It is used to fasten the drawing paper on the drawing board or table.

3. Drawing Pencil – The most important tool in the drawing. It has a graphite substance covered with a
thin piece of wood.

4. Eraser – It is used to clean the errors or dirt in the drawing.

5. Erasing Shield – It is used to protect the rest of the drawing while clearing up unnecessary pencil lines,
smudges, and drawing errors.

6. Pencil Sharpener – It is used to sharpen the pencil’s tip.

7. Drawing Pens/Ink – It is used for shading and drawing.

8. Brush – It is used to apply ink and paint in the drawing.

9. Charcoal – It is considered the oldest drawing tool that is dry and dusty made from burnt wood.

10. Blending stumps or tortillion – It is used to smudge or blend.

11. Watercolors – It is made with a water-soluble binder for coloring purposes.

12. Acrylic or Oil Paint – It is also used for coloring purposes that is usually oil-based or water-based.

13. Colored Pencils – It is made of a narrow wooden cylindrical case and a pigmented wax-based core for
coloring purposes.

14. T-square – It is used when drawing horizontal lines and serves as a guide in using triangles to draw
vertical lines.

15. Triangles – It is a three-sided ruler used to draw vertical, parallel, and angled lines at 30, 45, 60, and
90 degrees.

16. Compass – It is used to draw arcs and circles.

17. Divider – It is used to transfer measurements and divide arcs and lines into the desired parts or
numbers.

18. Triangular Scale - It is used to reproduce a drawing in a reduced or enlarged size.

19. Ruler – It is also called “line gauge” that is used to draw straight lines and measure length.

20. Protractor – It is used to determine gradations of degrees when measuring angles, circles, and arcs.
It is also a semi-circular drawing instrument divided into 180 degrees equal parts.
Illustration Equipment

1. Drawing Table/Drafting Table/Architect’s Table or Drawing Board – It is used as the base in drawing
activities usually made of wood.

2. Easel – It is used as a stand to support artwork or illustration.

3. Palette – It is used to hold and mix paints.

4. Computer with table and chair – It is a desktop computer set for creating digital work.

5. Printer – It is used to produce hard copies of Illustration.

6. Scanner – It is used to convert printed photo, hand-drawn images into digital or soft copy.

7. Drawing Tablet – It is used to directly draw digital versions of images.

8. Software – It is used to create digital illustrations like Adobe Illustrator.

LESSON 2 : MAINTAIN HAND TOOLS, DRAWING INSTRUMENTS, EQUIPMENT, AND PARAPHERNALIA

Taking care of illustration instrument and equipment is one of the way to create a quality illustrations. In
this part of the electronic module, it will give you tips on how to properly care and maintain illustration
instrument and equipment.

Reference: k-to-12-mechanical-drafting-learning-module

2.2 INSPECT HAND TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT RECEIVED IN ILLUSTRATION

LO 1. Inspect hand tools and equipment received in Illustration
1.1 Check list of tools and equipment to be requested per job requirement
1.2 Inspect the condition of all the requested tools and equipment (LESSON 2)
1.3 Assess the hand tools and equipment for proper operation and safety

LO 2. Use and maintain hand tools, measuring instrument and equipment

2.1 Perform safety procedures in using hand tools and equipment (LESSON 1)
2.2 Follow procedures in cleaning illustration tools (LESSON 1)
2.3 Identify malfunction, unplanned or unusual events and report to property custodian (LESSON 3)

2. Procedure in accomplishing forms:

2.1 Job order slips
2.2 Tools and materials requisition slips
2.3 Borrower’s slip
3. Requisition procedures
4. Inspection procedures

4.1 Malfunction tools

4.2 Maintenance of tools
5. Storage of tools
6. Standard operational procedures, principles and techniques in maintaining a tools

 2.1

1 Check list of tools and equipment to be requested per job requirement

1.2 Inspect the condition of all the requested tools and equipment (LESSON 2)
1.3 Assess the hand tools and equipment for proper operation and safety

A. Requisition Slip Form sample

This is the oficial form for requesting tools and equipment.

Name:
Project:
Classification:
Purpose:
NO. QUANTITY UNIT DESCRIPTION UNIT PRICE TOTAL PRICE

Requisitioner Teacher Department Head/Coordinator Principal

B. Purchase Requisition Form sample

This is the form used to indicate additional or specific descriptions for requested tools and
materials. It may include the specific weight and size of tools, brand names, and suggested price. This
form should have two copies where one copy is for the employee who made this form and another copy
for the purchasing department.

Purchase Requisition

Deliver to __________________________ Date Required _________________

Dept. No. _____________________
Acct. No. _____________________

Suggested Supplier __________________________________________________________________

Qty Item No. Description Unit Price Amount

Budget Control
Allowance for period ________ Balance Available __________ Ordered By _____________
Amt This Purchase _________ Approved By ____________
Remaining Balance _________

C. Delivery Receipt Form sample

It shows the receipt or proof of services or goods. This makes the receiver acknowledges the received
goods/services from the supplier/seller officially.

Name of Supplying Company:

Delivery Receipt:
Supplier’s Address:
Date:
NO. QUANTITY DESCRIPTION UNIT PRICE TOTAL PRICE

I hereby acknowledge receipt of the following in perfect conditions as per the set of
conditions of our supply contract from the firm of _______________________________ (name of
supplying company).

Order No. _______________________

Quantity Description Remarks

Invoice No.: _________________________ Date actually received: ________________________

D. Inventory Form of Drawing Tools and Instruments sample

This form states the current condition of drawing tools and instruments where the number of usable,
not usable but repairable, condemanablem, borrowed, and missing are being accounted for.

Name:
Grade & Section:
School/Department:
Laboratory/Shop:
Purpose:

Tools/Instrument Qty. No. of No. of Not No. of No. of No. of

s Usable Usable But Condemnabl Borrowed Missing
Repairable e

Requisitioner Teacher Department Head/Coordinator Principal

E. Borrower’s Slip sample

This form serves as a receipt between the borrower and the property custodian.

Name of Borrower: ____________________________________ Date: _______________

Description Quantity Remarks

Signature of Borrower Noted by:

Date Returned: _________________________ _________________________

Personnel-In-Charge
2.1 -2.2 USE AND MAINTAIN HAND TOOLS, MEASURING INSTRUMENT AND EQUIPMENT

Ways on how to properly care and maintain the drawing tools

1. Keep the pencil’s lead sharp always.

2. Choose quality sharpener to avoid breaking of pencil’s lead when sharpening.

3. Before using the t-square, clean it always with a piece of soft cloth.

4. To prevent from being damage, do not let the t-square drop on the floor.

5. Clean technical pens at least once using soap and clean water then dry it using clean cloth.

6. Clean the divider or compass using any soft cloth and avoid rubbing and brushing excessively.

7. Properly turn off the computer after use.

8. Clean the drawing board using damp cloth before and after use.

9. Do not use measuring tools like ruler in cutting paper.

10. Properly place the tools back to cabinet or storage area after use.

2.3 PREPARE AN INSPECTION REPORT OF THE HAND TOOLS

Inspection Report is used to state the condition of the tools and equipment used or inspected for
illustration. In this report, it will give the current status of the tools wethere it is defective or contain
damages. The property custodian will conduct further monitoring regarding the submitted report. This is
also used to report lost tools or equipment for illustration.

Here is an example of an Inspection Report form.

INSPECTION REPORT

Date: ___________________
Item: ________________________________ Item Code: ___________________________
Description:
__________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

Recommendations: __________________________________________________________________
Tools and materials Custodian: ________________________________________________________
Reported by: _______________________________________________________________________
LESSON 3: PERFORM MENSURATION AND CALCULATION

Knowing and understanding measurements play an important role in the use of measuring instruments to
perform any work with precision. This part of the electronic module will discussed how to precisely use
measuring instruments, interpret object or component to be measured according to the appropriate
regular geometric shape.

LO 1. Select measuring
instruments
1.1 Interpret object or component to be measured according to the appropriate regular geometric shape
1.2 Select measuring tools appropriate to the object to be measured based on job requirements
1.3 Obtain correct specification from relevant sources
1.4 Select appropriate measuring instruments according to job requirements
1.5 Use alternative measuring tools without sacrificing cost and quality of work

LO 2. Carry out mensuration and calculation

2.1 Perform calculation needed to complete task using the four mathematical fundamental operations
(addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division)
2.2 Employ different techniques in checking for the accuracy of the computation

3.1 GEOMETRIC SHAPE

The combination of specific number of points, curves, and lines as a figure or area closed by a boundary
creates geometric shapes.

Basic Geometric Shapes

1. Circle – is a round shape that consists of equidistant points from a fixed point or “the center” forming
the boundary or “circumference”.

2. Triangle – is a shape made up of three sides of straight lines.

3. Rectangle – is a shape made up of four sides with two pair of equal lines that measures 90 degrees.

4. Square – is a shape with four equal right angles and four equal straight sides.

5. Rhombus – is a type of parellelogram with four equal sides, opposite equal acute angles, and opposite
equal obtuse angles.

3.2 SELECT MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

Add videos from YT for tutorial of measuring instruments use

Different Measuring Tools

1. Ruler - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RFoXIsky2cY

2. T-square - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wViaG6yFy1c

3. Triangles - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J7ZEUTjf-uw

4. Triangular Scale - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=06XVQOtLIJc

5. Protractor - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L1HNzJa0Qao

6. Sewing Tape measure - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t3XH9jUwLnw

7. Retractable Tape Measure - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ioo4a2-9NI0

8. Yard Stick or Meter Stick - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NpGr4qs11QM

9. Compass - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=02XRad7s1Io

10. Divider - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MjF8Vr6fVn4

3.3 CARRY OUT MENSURATION AND CALCULATION

Measurement/Trade Mathematics

The word measurements comes from the Greek word “metron” which means limited proportion. The
“metre” (U.S. meter) has been adopted and standardized worldwide as the unit for length.

Measurement is also called trade mathematics because it is basically use in trading goods with needed
measure like cloth. In order to develop measurements skills, you must know first how to read
measurements.

Two Systems of Measurement

1. Metric System or Systems International (S.I) which started in France

2. English System which started in England

Meter is the basic unit in S.I or Metric System. Meter is divided into 100 centimeters. Each centimeter is
divided into 10 millimeters.

They are abbreviated as follows:

Millimeters mm
Centimeters cm
Decimeters dm
Meters m

Inch is divided into 16 graduation lines and 1/16 is the smallest graduation in the English System.

INSERT PICTURE OF RULER IN INCH

1 1 1 3
1/16 3/16 4/16 7/16 9/16 11/16 13/16 15/16 16 16

1 3 5 7 1
8 8 8 8 1
1 8
1 1
4 4
1
2
0 1 inch

DROP SINGLE CHOICE

I – Shapes II – Ruler parts, III – CONVERSION, IV - PERCENTAGE

In reading measurement exceeding 1 inch say 2 inches and for smaller graduations, it should be read
and written as 2 4/16 or 2 ¼ inch.

The centimeter is divided into 10 millimeters in the Systems International measurement.

mm mm mm
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30

0 1 2 3

Metric System of Measurement

10 millimeters (mm.) 1 centimeter (cm.)

10 centimeters (cm.) 1 decimeter (dm.)
10 decimeter (dm.) 1 meter (m.)
10 meters (m.) 1 decameter (dm.)
10 decameter (dm.) 1 hectometer (hm.)
10 hectometer (hm.) 1 kilometer (km.)
10 kilometer (km.) 1 myriameter (mym.)

English System of Measurement

12 inches (in.) 1 foot (ft.)

3 feet (ft.) 1 yard (yd.)

Metric Conversion Table

1 millimeter 0.03937 inches (in.)

1 centimeter 0.03937 inches (in.)
1 meter 39.37 inches (in.)

English Conversion Table

1 inch (in.) = 0.0254 mm. = 2.54 cm. = 0.0254 (m.)

1 foot (ft.) = 304.8 mm. = 30.48 cm. = 0.3048 (m.)
1 yard (yd.) = 914.4 mm = 91.4 cm. = 0.9144 (m.)

Conversion Formulas

Length in inches x 0.0254 = length in meters

Length in inches x 2.54 = length in centimeters
Length in feet x 3.28 = length in meters
Length in meters x 39.37 = length in inches
Length in inches x 39.37 = length in meters
Length in feet x 0.305 = length in meters
Length in feet x 30.5 = length in centimeters
Sample Solutions in Conversion

A. inch to feet
60 inches = ________ feet
Solution: Divide 60 inches by 12 inches / feet = 5 feet (ft.)

B. foot to inches
10 ft. = __________ inches
Solution: Multiply 10 ft by 12 inches / feet = 120 inches

C. inch to centimeter
6.2 inches = __________ centimeter
Solution: Multiply 6.2 inches by 2.54 cm. / inch = 15.748 cm.

D. centimeter to millimeter
5.5 cm. = _________ millimeters
Solution: Multiply 5.5 cm. by 10 mm. / cm. = 55 mm.

Percentage, Fraction, and Decimal

Percentage Computation

To compute for the percentage, divide the given amount by the total and then multiply the
answer by 100.

The equation will be: (Given Amount / Total amount) x 100

Example: Marc got 45 out of 50 item Summative test in Illustration.

To find the percentage, simply divide 45 by 50 and the answer is 0.9, then multiply it by 100, the
percentage will be 90%.

Solution: (45/50) x 100 = 90%

Rounding off Decimals

Rules in rounding off numbers

1. To eliminate number less than 5, simply drop it and the number to the right of it and let the last
significant digit stand.

Examples:

a. Round off 40.3 mm to two millimeter.

Solution: Simply drop 3

Answer: 40

b. Round off 0.3846 (5/13) into two significant digits.

Solution: The first number to be eliminated is 4. Simply drop it and all numbers to its right (6)

Answer: 0.38

2. To eliminate number like 5 or more, drop the number, then add one to the last digit retained.
Examples:

a. Round off 74.7 to its nearest ones.

Solution: The number to be rounded off is 7 which is greater than 5, drop 7 and add one to the
last digit retained.

Answer: 75

b. Round off 95.75 to its nearest tenths.

Solution: The number to be rounded off is 5, drop 5 and one to 7 which is the last digit retained.

Answer: 95.8

Convert fraction into decimals

Example: Solution:

0.75
6/8 = N 8 6.00
0
60
56
40
40
0
Lesson 4 : Prepare and Interpret Technical Drawing

Knowing and understanding the different kinds of lines that made up an illustration will help you
enhance your output. This part of the electronic module will discuss the alphabet of lines, basic types of
illustration, basic line sketching, linear perspective drawing, and isometric drawing.

LO 1. Analyze signs, symbols, and data

1.1 Prepare tools and instruments used in illustration
1.2 Interpret signs, symbols, and data according to job specifications
1.3 Perform simple trade mathematical conversions

LO 2. Interpret illustration drawings and plans

2.1 Identify illustration tools and materials to be used in preparing a simple illustration
2.2 Identify dimensions and specifications according to job requirements

1. Drawing symbols, signs, and data

2. Trade mathematical conversions
3. Basic illustration
4. Technical plans and schematic diagram
5. Symbols and abbreviations

4.1 ANALYZE SIGNS, SYMBOLS, AND DATA

Alphabet of Lines

VISIBLE LINE

It is also called as OBJECT LINE. It is represented by a thick and continous line (0.5-0.6mm) that shows
the features that can be seen in the outline current view.

HIDDEN LINE

It is represented by a medium thick line of short dashes (2-3mm long) with space between each dash (1-
2mm wide) that correspond to the features that cannot be seen in the current view.

CENTER LINE

It is represented by a thin line composed of two long dashes and short dash drawn alternately with a
gap(atleast 2mm) in between that shows the center or axis of symmetrical shapes like cube, washer,
ball, or rectangular block.

SECTION LINE

It is represented by thin lines that are spaced evenly (45 degrees) and horizontally to make a shaded
effect.
EXTENSION LINE

It is represented by an extended line from the object to show the location and sizes of features.

or

DIMENSION LINE

It is represented by a thin line with an arrowhead in one end that shows the measurements of the
object.

LONG-BREAK LINE

It is represented by a medium thick line that consists of straight and broken lines drawn alternately. It is
also called as LIMITING LINE. It shows the limits of the length of an elongated object without changing
the size of its view.

SHORT-BREAK LINE

It is represented by a thick line drawn in freehand to represent the details of part that has been broken
out or cut off.

LEADER LINE

It is represented by a short inclined thin line with a short horizontal line at the end and an arrowhead at
the other end that is used to connect a description to a feature or specific note .

PHANTOM LINE

It is represented by a thin line of two short dashes and one long dash that corresponds to the position/s
of part of an object that moves or moveable feature in its different positions.
CUTTING-PLANE LINE

It is represented by thick lines composed of two long dashes broken in one end with an arrowhead and
two short dashes drawn in between the long dashes that shows an imaginary cut through an object
along the line.

4.2 INTERPRET ILLUSTRATION DRAWINGS AND PLANS

Isometric Drawing – It is a pictorial drawing that shows three surfaces or view of the object which is
tilted at 30 degrees in front of the viewer.

Show samples CUBE

Linear Perspective Drawing – It is a system that used lines to aid in creating illusion of space in a
drawing. It uses vanishing point/s as a reference for drawing.

1 point or parallel perspective – it uses one vanishing point.

2 point or angular perspective – it uses two vanishing points

3 point or oblique perspective – it uses three vanishing points

PERSPECTIVE DRAWING 01 - THE BASICS - Horizon Line, Vanishing Points 1,2 & 3

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ePv-9mVnTVk

4.3 Basic Illustration

Modern styles and types of illustration techniques

https://graphicmama.com/blog/types-of-illustration/

Learn Illustrator in 5 MINUTES! Beginner Tutorial

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3GzumUieDPY
4.4 Lines

Line Sketching

Basic Line Sketching

KINDS OF LINES DIRECTIONS OF STROKES

For right-handed, draw strokes from left to right
For right-handed
For left-handed, draw strokes from right to left
For left-handed

HORIZONTAL LINES

Draw strokes downward.

VERTICAL LINES

Inclines to the right

Inclined to the left Draw inclined strokes (diagonal) downward.

INCLINED LINES

Draw curved strokes downward.

CURVED LINES

Vertical Lines

These are straight down and up lines that moves in space without any perpendicular and slant to
horizontal lines. These suggest strength and height.

Horizontal Lines

These are straight parallel lines to the horizon that move from left to right. These lines suggest distance,
stability, width, and calmness.

Diagonal Lines

These are straight lines which slant in any direction except vertical and horizontal. These suggest lack of
stability or movement.
Zigzag Lines

These are diagonal lines joined at ends in series. These convey anxiety, excitement, restlessness, and
action.

Curved Lines

These lines change and bend direction gradually in spiral or wavy form. These convey ease and comfort.
Lesson 5: PRACTICE OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY PROCEDURE (OS)

Knowing and understanding the right safety and health procedures to follow will lower the risk of injuries
or illness. This part of the electronic module will discuss the occupational health and safety (OHS),
hazards and risks, 5S, and personal protective equipment (PPE).

LO 1. Identify hazards and risks

1.1 Follow OHS policies and procedures in identifying hazards and risks
1.2 Explain hazards and risks in the workplace
1.3 Identify hazards and risks indicators as prescribed by the manufacturer
1.4 Apply contingency measures in accordance with OHS procedures

Occupational Health and Safety (OHS)

It is a procedure of planned system for work where hazards and risks are identified and recognized to
prevent injury and illness. It is multidisciplinary field that delas with people’s welfare, health, and safety
at work.

Hazard – is anything that has the potential to cause harm

Risk – is the possibility that a hazard will cause harm to someone

Common Hazards in the Workplace

1. Physical Hazards
These are environmental factors like noise, magnetic fields, heights, radiation, pressure extremes
( vacuum or high pressure), and tempature extremes.

2. Biological Hazards
These are caused by living organisms like viruses, molds, insects, fungi, and bacteria.

3. Chemical Hazards
These are hazardous substances like gases, fumes, mists, vapors, and dust.

4. Ergonomic Hazards
These are result of physical conditions that causes musculoskeletal injuries like improper lifting, improper
reaching, repetitive movements, poor posture, poor manual handling, and poor workstation set up.

5. Phycological Hazards
These affects the general well-being of an individual like stress, bullying, harassment, violencem and
fatigue.

LO 2. Evaluate and control hazards and risks

2.1 Determine the effects of hazards in the workplace
2.2 Identify the methods in controlling hazards and risks
2.3 Follow OHS procedures for controlling hazards and risks

Personal Safety and PPE or Personal Protective Equipment

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KXD4IiilRHc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xj__XY5Oo4c
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T7flwff9yXY

first aid
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ynlaWUwMsA

LO 3.Maintain Occupational Health and Safety

3.1 Observe established procedures in responding to emergency-related drill
3.2 Fill up OHS personal records in accordance with workplace requirements

5S
These are Japanese phrases that begins with letter S which represents a standardized method that
creates and maintains a safe, clean, organized, and efficient workplace if properly implemented.

Japanese

(JAPANESE TERM) ENGLISH TERM MEANING

Seiri Sort Eliminate or discard things in
the workspace that are not in
use.
Seiton Set in Order Arrange the things used on a
daily basis
Seiso Shine Clean and keep everything
functioning.
Seiketsu Standardize Have a high standard of
housekeeping
Shitsuke Sustain/Self-discipline Doing things freely without
being ordered or told

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a1vg5nZsKIQ