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AC Power Analysis
Chapter Objectives:
Know the difference between instantaneous power and average
power
Learn the AC version of maximum power transfer theorem
Learn about the concepts of effective or Rms value
Learn about the complex power, apparent power and power factor
Understand the principle of conservation of AC power
Learn about power factor correction
Huseyin Bilgekul
Eeng224 Circuit Theory II
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Eastern Mediterranean University EENG 224 1
An Electical Power Distribution Center
EENG 224 2
Apparent Power and Power Factor
The Average Power depends on the Rms value of voltage and current and the
phase angle between them.
1
S Vm I m VRms I Rms
2
The Power Factor (pf) is the cosine of the phase difference between voltage and
current. It is also the cosine of the angle of load impedance. The power factor may
also be regarded as the ratio of the real power dissipated to the apparent power of
the load.
P
pf cos( v i )
S
P Apparent Power Power Factor S pf
EENG 224 3
Apparent Power and Power Factor
Not all the apparent power is consumed if the circuit is partly reactive.
EENG 224 4
EENG 224 5
Power equipment are rated using their appparent power in KVA.
EENG 224 6
Apparent Power
and Power Factor
EENG 224 7
Apparent Power and Power Factor
Overloading of the
generator of the
second load is
avoided by
applying power
factor correction.
EENG 224 8
Complex Power
The COMPLEX Power S contains all the information pertaining to the
power absorbed by a given load.
2
1 V
S VI VRms IRms I 2 Rms Z Rms
2 Z
EENG 224 9
Complex Power
The REAL Power is the only useful power delivered to the load.
S I 2 Rms Z I 2 Rms ( R jX ) P jQ
EENG 224 13
Capacitive Circuit and Reactive Power
1
Complex Power=S P jQ VI VRms I Rms ( v i )
2
Apparent Power=S S VRms I Rms P 2 Q 2
Real Power=P Re{S} S cos( v i )
Reactive Power=Q Im{S} S sin( v i )
P
Power Factor= =cos( v i )
S
• Real Power is the actual power dissipated by the load.
• Reactive Power is a measure of the energy exchange between source and reactive
part of the load.
EENG 224 15
Power Triangle
The COMPLEX Power is represented by the POWER TRIANGLE similar to
IMPEDANCE TRIANGLE. Power triangle has four items: P, Q, S and θ.
EENG 224 17
Power Triangle
S P jQ S1 S 2 ( P1 P2 ) j (Q1 Q2 )
EENG 224 18
Real and Reactive Power Formulation
EENG 224 19
Real and Reactive Power Formulation
EENG 224 20
Real and Reactive Power Formulation
EENG 224 21
Real and Reactive Power Formulation
v(t ) Vm cos(t v ) i(t ) I m cos(t i )
p(t ) VRms I Rms cos( v i ) 1 cos 2(t v ) VRms I Rmssin( v i ) sin 2(t v )
=P 1 cos 2(t v ) Q sin 2(t v )
=Real Power R eactive Power
EENG 224 22
Real and Reactive Powers
REAL POWER
CIRCULATING POWER
EENG 224 23
Real and Reactive Powers
EENG 224 26
Practice Problem 11.13: The 60 resistor absorbs 240 Watt of average power.
Calculate V and the complex power of each branch. What is the total complex power?
EENG 224 27
Practice Problem 11.14: Two loads are connected in parallel. Load 1 has 2 kW,
pf=0.75 leading and Load 2 has 4 kW, pf=0.95 lagging. Calculate the pf of two loads
and the complex power supplied by the source.
LOAD 1 LOAD 2
2 kW 4 kW
Pf=0.75 Pf=0.95
Leading Lagging
EENG 224 28
EENG 224 29
Conservation of AC Power
The complex, real and reactive power of the sources equal the respective sum of the
complex, real and reactive power of the individual loads.