ECE 1311

Chapter 11 AC Power
Analysis
1
2
Outlines

11.1 Instantaneous and Average Power
11.2 Maximum Average Power Transfer
11.3 Effective or RMS Value
11.4 Apparent Power and Power Factor
11.5 Complex Power
3
Sinusoidal power at 2et Constant power
) 2 ( cos
2
1
) ( cos
2
1
) ( cos ) ( cos ) ( ) ( ) (
i v m m i v m m
i v m m
t I V I V
t t I V t i t v t p
u u e u u
u e u e
+ + + =
+ + = =
11.1 Instantaneous and
Average Power (1)
The instantaneous power (p(t))
p(t) > 0: power is absorbed by the circuit; p(t) < 0: power is supplied by the circuit.
4
) ( cos
2
1
) (
1

0
i v m m
T
I V dt t p
T
P u u = =
}
11.1 Instantaneous and
Average Power (2)
The average power (P) is the average of the instantaneous
power over one period.
1. P is not time dependent.
2. When
v
=
i
, it is a purely
resistive load case.
3. When
v

i
= 90
o
, it is a
purely reactive load case.
4. P = 0 means that the circuit
absorbs no average power.
5
) 60 10 ( sin 15 ) (
) 20 10 ( cos 80 ) (
+ =
+ =
t t i
t t v
11.1 Instantaneous and
Average Power (3)
Example 1

Calculate the instantaneous power and average
power absorbed by a passive linear network if:
6
Example 2

A current flows through an
impedance . Find the average
power delivered to the impedance.
11.1 Instantaneous and
Average Power (4)
Z = 30 10 I
22 20 Z = Z
7
Example 3
Calculate the average power absorbed by the resistor and
inductor. Find the average power supplied by the voltage
source.
11.1 Instantaneous and
Average Power (5)
8
11.2 Maximum Average Power
Transfer (1)
The maximum average power
can be transferred to the load if:


TH
2
TH
max
R 8
V
P =
If the load is purely real, then:

TH
2
TH
2
TH L
Z X R R = + =
*
Th L
Z Z =
L
2
max
R I
2
1
P =

9
11.2 Maximum Average Power
Transfer (2)
Example 4

For the circuit shown below, find the load impedance Z
L
that
absorbs the maximum average power. Calculate that maximum
average power.
10
11.3 Effective or RMS Value (1)
2
I
I
m
rms
=
The average power can be written in terms of
the rms values:
) ( cos I V ) ( cos I V
2
1

i v rms rms i v m m
= = P
Note: If you express amplitude of a phasor source(s) in rms, then all the
answers as a result of this phasor source(s) must also be in rms value.
The rms value of a sinusoid i(t) = I
m
cos(et)
is given by:
rms eff
I I - - Note = >
11
11.4 Apparent Power and
Power Factor (1)
Apparent Power (S) is the product of the rms values of
voltage and current.
It is measured in volt-amperes or VA to distinguish it from
the average or real power which is measured in watts.





Power factor is:
the cosine of the phase difference between the voltage and current
or
The cosine of the angle of the load impedance.
) ( cos S ) ( cos I V P
i v i v rms rms
= =
Apparent Power, S Power Factor, pf
12
11.4 Apparent Power and
Power Factor (2)
Purely resistive
load (R)

v

i
= 0, pf = 1
P/S = 1, all power are
consumed
Purely reactive
load (L or C)

v

i
= 90
o
,
pf = 0
P = 0, no real power
consumption
Resistive and
reactive load
(R and L/C)

v

i
> 0

v

i
< 0
Lagging - inductive
load
Leading - capacitive
load

13
11.4 Apparent Power and
Power Factor (3)
Example 5

For the circuit shown below, calculate the power factor as seen
by the voltage source. What is the average power supplied by
the voltage source?
14
11.5 Complex Power (1)
Complex power (S) is the product of the voltage and the
complex conjugate of the current:
* I V I V
2
1
S
rms rms
= =
-
* Z
V
Z I S
2
rms
2
rms
= =
i m v m
I V Z = Z = I V
i rms v rms
I V Z = Z = I V
Note:
15
11.5 Complex Power (2)
i v rms rms
I V I V
2
1
S Z = =
-
) ( sin I V j ) ( cos I V S
i v rms rms i v rms rms
+ =
P: is the average power in watts delivered to a load and it is the only useful
power.
Q: is the reactive power exchange between the source and
the reactive part of the load. It is measured in volt-ampere-reactive (VAR).
Q = 0 for resistive loads (unity pf).
Q < 0 for capacitive loads (leading pf).
Q > 0 for inductive loads (lagging pf).
S = P + j Q
16
11.5 Complex Power (3)
) ( sin I V j ) ( cos I V S
i v rms rms i v rms rms
+ =
Apparent Power: S = |S| = V
rms
*I
rms
=
Real power: P = Re(S) = S cos(
v

i
)
Reactive Power: Q = Im(S) = S sin(
v

i
)
Power factor: pf = P/S = cos(
v

i
)
S = P + j Q
2 2
Q P +
S
17
11.5 Complex Power (4)
) ( sin I V j ) ( cos I V S
i v rms rms i v rms rms
+ =
S = P + j Q
Impedance Triangle
Power Factor
Power Triangle
18
11.5 Complex Power (5)
Example 6:
Given:


Determine:
The complex and apparent powers.
The real and reactive powers.
The power factor and the load impedance.

A I
V V
rms
rms
15 4 . 0
85 110
Z =
Z =