Chapter 9

Sinusoids and Phasors

 Phasor Relationships for circuit Elements.

 Impedance and Admittance.
 Kirchoff’s Laws in the Frequency Domain.
 Impedance Combinations.
 Applications.

Huseyin Bilgekul
EENG224 Circuit Theory II
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Eastern Mediterranean University EENG224 1
 Phasor Relationships for Circuit Elements

 After we know how to convert RLC components

from time to phasor domain, we can transform a time
domain circuit into a phasor/frequency domain
circuit.
 Hence, we can apply the KCL laws and other
theorems to directly set up phasor equations
involving our target variable(s) for solving.
 Next we find the phasor or frequency domain
equivalent of the element equations for RLC
elements.

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 Phasor Relationships for Circuit Elements
i (t )  I m cos(t   )  Re(Ie jt )
v(t )  i (t ) R  RI m cos(t   )
V  RI m  =RI

Phasor voltage and current of a

resistor are in phase
Time Domain Frequency Domain

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 Phasor Relationship for Resistor

v(t )  i(t ) R  RI m cos(t   )

Frequency Domain V  RI m  =RI

Voltage and current of a resistor

are in phase

Time Domain

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 Phasor Relationships for Inductor
di d
v(t )  L  L I m cos(t   )   LI m sin(t   )   LI m cos(t    90)
dt dt
V   LI m (  90)= LI m e j e j 90  j LI

Phasor current of an inductor

LAGS the voltage by 90 degrees.
Time Domain Frequency Domain
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 Phasor Relationships for Inductor

Phasor current of an inductor

Frequency Domain
LAGS the voltage by 90 degrees.

Time Domain

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 Phasor Relationships for Capacitor
dv d
i (t )  C C Vm cos(t   )  CVm sin(t   )  CVm cos(t    90)
dt dt
j j 90 I
I  CVm (  90)=CVm e e  jCV V=
j C

Phasor current of a capacitor LEADS

Time Domain Frequency Domain the voltage by 90 degrees.

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 Phasor Relationships for Capacitor

Phasor current of a capacitor

Frequency Domain LEADS the voltage by 90
degrees.

Time Domain

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Phasor Relationships for Circuit Elements

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Phasor Relationships for Circuit Elements

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 Impedance and Admittance
 The Impedance Z of a circuit is the ratio of phasor voltage V to the phasor
current I.

V
Z or V =ZI
I
 The Admitance Y of a circuit is the reciprocal of impedance measured in
Simens (S).
I 1
Y  or I =YV
V Z
 Impedances and Admitances of passive elements.
Element Impedance Admitance
1
R Z=R Y=
R
1
L Z  j L Y=
j L
1
C Z= Y  jC
j C EENG224 11
 Impedance as a Function of Frequency
 The Impedance Z of a circuit is a function of the frequency.
Element Impedance Admitance
1
L Z  j L Y=
j L
1
C Z= Y  jC
j C
 Inductor is SHORT CIRCUIT at DC and OPEN CIRCUIT at high frequencies.
Capacitor is OPEN CIRCUIT at DC and SHORT CIRCUIT at high frequencies.
Z L  j L
ZL  0   0 (Short at DC)
ZL      (Open as   )
 0
1
ZC =
j C
Z C     0 (Open at DC)
ZC  0    (Open as   )
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 Impedance of Joint Elements
 The Impedance Z represents the opposition of the circuit to the flow of
sinusoidal current.

V
Z   R  jX  +
I Z I
=Resistance + j  Reactance V

= Z  -

X
Z  R X 2 2
  tan 1

R
R  Z cos  X  Z sin 

 The Reactance is Inductive if X is positive and it is Capacitive if X is negative.

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 Impedance as a Function of Frequency
 As the applied frequency increases, the resistance of a resistor remains
constant, the reactance of an inductor increases linearly, and the reactance of a
capacitor decreases nonlinearly.

Reactance of inductor versus Reactance of capacitor versus

frequency frequency

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Z

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 Admittance of Joint Elements
 The Admittance Y represents the admittance of the circuit to the flow of
sinusoidal current.
The admittance is measured in Siemens (s)
+
Y I
V
-
1 I
Y    G  jB
Z V
 Conductance + j  Suseptance= Y 

1 R  jX R  jX
Y  G  jB   2
R  jX R  jX R  X 2
R X
G 2 B 2
R X 2
R  X2 EENG224 16
 Application of KVL for Phasors
 The Kirchoff”s Voltage Law (KVL) holds in the frequency domain. For series
connected impedances:

V
Z eq   Z1  Z 2    Z N (Equivalent Impedance)
I

 The Voltage Division for two elements in series is:

Z1
V1  V
Z1  Z 2
Z2
V2  V
Z1  Z 2

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 Parallel Combination for Phasors
 The Kirchoff”s Voltage Law (KVL) holds in the frequency domain. For series
connected impedances:

1 I 1 1 1
Yeq    Y1  Y2    YN    (Eqiv. Admitance)
Z eq V Z1 Z 2 ZN
 The Current Division for two elements is:

Z2
I1  I
Z1  Z 2
Z1
I2  I
Z1  Z 2
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 Z3

Z1

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Application of Current Division for Phasors

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Application of Current Division for Phasors

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Example

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Z1

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