• Resonance is a condition in an RLC circuit in which the

capacitive and inductive reactance are equal in magnitude,

thereby resulting in purely resistive impedance.

SERIES RESONANCE

• The features of series resonance:

The impedance is purely resistive, Z = R;
• The supply voltage Vs and the current I are in phase
(cosθ= 1)
• The magnitude of the Z(o) is minimum;
• The inductor voltage and capacitor voltage can be much more
than the source voltage.
SERIES RESONANCE

1 1
ωo = , fo =
LC 2π LC
 SERIES RESONANCE
• VR, VL, VC, and I versus frequency for a series resonant circuit.
 SERIES RESONANCE

Inductive reactance versus frequency.

Capacitive reactance versus frequency.

Placing the frequency response of the ZT (total impedance) versus frequency for the
inductive and capacitive reactance of a series resonant circuit.
series R-L-C circuit on the same set of
axes.
PHASE OF SERIES RESONANCE CIRCUIT

fo

f < f o : Network Capacitive

f > f o : Network Inductive
f = f o : Network Resistive

Phase plot for the series resonant circuit.

 SERIES RESONANCE

• Resonance allows frequency discrimination in circuits.
• Resonance occurs in a circuit that has at least one inductor and one
capacitor.
At Resonance:
1) Impedance is purely resistive.
2) The voltage and current are in phase.
3) The transfer function H(ω)= Z(ω) is Minimum
4) Inductor and capacitor voltages can be much more than (Q times) source
voltage.

Vm
VL = ωo L = QVm
R
V 1 ωo L 1
VC = m = QVm Q= =
R ωoC R ωoCR
 BANDWIDTH of SERIES RESONANCE
• Current versus frequency for the series resonant circuit.
Vm
I=I =
R 2 + (ω L − 1 ) 2
ωC

Half Power Frequencies

Dissipated power is half of the
maximum value.

• The half-power frequencies ω1 and ω2 can be obtained by setting,

Z (ω1 ) = Z (ω2 ) = R 2 + (ω L − 1 ) 2 = 2 R
ωC
2
 Vm 
 
 2
P(ω1 ) = P(ω2 ) =
2R
2 2
R  R  1 R  R  1
ω1 = − +   + , ω2 = + +   +
2L  2 L  LC 2L  2 L  LC
 Selectivity

• The frequencies corresponding to 0.707 of the maximum current are called the band
frequencies, cutoff frequencies, or half-power frequencies (ƒ1, ƒ2).

• Half-power frequencies are those frequencies at which the power delivered is one-half that
delivered at resonant frequency.

• The range of frequencies between the two are referred to as bandwidth (abbreviated BW) of
the resonant circuit.

• Since the resonant circuit is adjusted to select a band of frequencies it is called a selectivity
curve.

• The shape of the curve depends on each element of the series R-L-C circuit.

• If resistance is made smaller with a fixed inductance and capacitance, the bandwidth
decreases and the selectivity increases.

• If the ratio L/C increases with fixed resistance, the bandwidth again decreases with an
increase in selectivity.
 BANDWIDTH OF SERIES RESONANCE

• The width of the response is measured by the BANDWIDTH.

• BANDWIDTH is the difference between the half-power frequencies.
B = ω2 − ω1
• Resonance frequency can be obtained from the half-power frequencies.


ω o = ω1ω 2 , B = ω 2 − ω1

• The SHARPNESS of the resonance is measured by the QUALITY FACTOR.

• QUALITY FACTOR is the ratio of the resonance frequency to the bandwidth. The
higher the Q the smaller is the bandwidth.

ωo
Q=
B
QUALITY FACTOR OF SERIES RESONANCE

ωo
Q=
B

Peak Energy Stored

Q = 2π
Energy Dissipated in one Period at Resonance
ω L 1
Q= o =
R ω o RC

ωo L 1
Q= =
R ω o RC
R ωo
B= =
L Q
B B
ω1 ≈ ω o − , ω 2 ≈ ω o +
2 2
Effect on Selectivity of R, L, C for Series Resonance

Effect of R on selectivity

Effect of L and C on selectivity

EXAMPLE
R=2Ω, L=1mH, C=0.4µF. Determine :
a)The resonant frequency and the half-power frequency
b)The quality factor and bandwidth
c)The amplitude of the current at ω0, ω1 and ω2
• EXAMPLE
A series resonant circuit has a bandwidth of 100
Hz and contains a 20 mH inductance and
a 2 µF capacitance. Determine (a) f0; (b)
Q0; (c) Zin at resonance; (d) f2.

• Ans: 796 Hz; 7.96; 12.57 + j0 ; 846 Hz
(approx.).
 PARALLEL RESONANCE
• Resonance is a condition in an RLC circuit in which the capacitive and inductive
reactances are equal in magnitude, resulting in a purely resistive impedance.
• Parallel resonance circuit behaves similarly but in opposite fashion compared to series
resonant circuit.
• The admitance is minimum at resonance or impedance is maximum.

1
ωo =
LC

Parallel resonant circuit.

I 1 1 1  1 
Y = H (ω ) = = + jωC + = + j  ωC − 
V R jω L R  ωL 
Resonance occurs when admitance is purely resistive
1 1 1
Im(Y ) = ω L − = 0 ⇒ ωo L = ωo = rad/sec
ωC ωoC LC
 PARALLEL RESONANCE

• At Resonance frequency:
1) Admitance is purely resistive.
2) The voltage and current are in phase.
3) The transfer function H(ω)= Y(ω) is Minimum.
4) Inductor and capacitor currents can be much more than the source current.

Im R
IL = = QI m I C = ωoCI m R = QVm
ωo L
 PARALLEL RESONANCE

Im
V=V =
2
1 1 )2
  + (ω C −
R ωL

Voltage versus frequency for the parallel resonant circuit.

• The half-power frequencies can be obtained as:
2
1  1  1
ω1 = − +   +
2 RC  2 RC  LC
2
1  1  1
ω2 = + +   +
2 RC  2 RC  LC
1
ω o = ω1ω 2 , B = ω 2 − ω1 =
RC
EXAMPLE
R=8 kΩ, L=0.2 mH, C=8 µF. Determine :
a)The resonant frequency, quality factor and bandwidth
b)The half-power frequencies
c)The power dissipated at ω0, ω1 and ω2
Summary of series and parallel resonance circuits:
Characteristic Series circuit Parallel circuit
ωo 1 1
LC LC
Q ωo L 1 R
or ωo RC
or
R ωo RC ωo L

B ωo ωo
Q Q

ω1, ω2 1 2 ωo 1 2 ω
ωo 1 + ( ) ± ωo 1 + ( ) ± o
2Q 2Q 2Q 2Q

Q ≥ 10, ω1, ω2 B B
ωo ± ωo ±
2 2
Find the resonance frequency.
EXAMPLE
1) A certain RLC series circuit has a maximum current of 2.5A when the
frequency of a 10V source is adjusted to obtain this condition. If. C=0.1 microF
and the inductive reactance at this frequency is 50 ohms, find: a) R, L, Q
b)resonance frequency and bandwidth
2) In a parallel RLC circuit, R=250 ohms, L=2mH, C=20microF. The circuit is
driven by a 0.1A current source operating at the circuit's resonance frequency.
Find a) resonance frequency, Q, BW and the cut-off frequencies; b)the voltage
across the tank circuit and the current in each branch.
3) When the frequency of a 10V source is varied, it was observed that the
minimum source current is 0.1A, with the load consisting of parallel R, L, C. The
circuit's resonance frequency is 2MHz and its BW is 200KHz. Find R, L, C.