UNIT - III

RESONANCE AND COUPLED CIRCUITS

Series and Parallel resonance - Frequency response - Quality factor and
Bandwidth - Self and mutual inductance - Dot rule - Coefficient of
coupling - Tuned circuits - Single tuned circuits.
3.1 Resonance
3.2 Series Resonance

In series RLC circuit, the inductive and capacitive reactance has opposite
signs. Hence when the reactances are varied (reactances are functions of
frequency) there is a possibility that the inductive reactance may cancel the
capacitive reactance and the circuit may behave as purely resistive circuit. This
condition of RLC circuit is called resonance frequency.
A circuit is said to be in resonance when the applied voltage and current are
in phase. For an RLC series circuit, at resonance the inductive and capacitive
reactances are equal (XL=XC)
Resonant frequency
The frequency at resonance is called as resonant frequency.
It is also defined as the geometric mean of two half power frequencies is
called resonant frequency.
fo  f1 f 2
Expression for resonant frequency
At resonance condition, the inductive and capacitive reactances are equal.
XL  XC
1
2 f L 
2 f C
1
f2
4 2 LC
1
fr  fo 
2 LC

1
Reactance curves of RLC series circuit

For frequencies below resonant frequency, the capacitive reactance is more

than the inductive reactance. Therefore the equivalent reactance is equal to
capacitive and the circuit behaves like a RC circuit.
For frequencies above resonant frequency, the inductive reactance is more
than the capacitive reactance. Therefore the equivalent reactance is equal to
inductive and the circuit behaves like a RL circuit.
Variation of impedance, admittance and current with frequency in RLC
series resonance circuit

At resonance condition, the inductive reactance may cancel the capacitive

reactance and the circuit may behave as purely resistive circuit. So the impedance at
resonant frequency is Z=R. The admittance is maximum at resonant frequency. At
resonant frequency, the current I is maximum
Quality factor (Q factor)
It is the ratio between capacitor voltage or inductor voltage at resonance to
supply voltage is called as Q-factor or quality factor.
capacitor voltage or inductor v oltage
Q factor 
supply vol tage
It is also defined as
Maximum energy stored
Q factor  2 
Energy dissipated per cycle
oL 1 1 L fo
Q factor    
R oRC R C B.W

2
Selectivity
It is the ratio of bandwidth to resonant frequency.
Band width f  f1
Selectivity=  2
Re sonant frequency f0
Selectivity of a resonant circuit is its ability to discriminate between signals of
desired and undesired frequencies.
Bandwidth
It is defined as the width of the resonant curve upto frequency at which the
power in the circuit is half of its maximum value. The difference between two half
power frequencies is also called as band width.

Bandwidth B.W = f2-f1

Half power points frequencies
Half power points frequencies for a given RLC are the frequencies for which
the power in the circuit is half of the maximum power in the circuit.
Where
f1 and f2 are half power frequencies
f1 = lower cut-off frequency
f2 =upper cut-off frequency
Lower cut-off frequency f1=

1  R 1   1 
2
  R 
 or 
1 R
     1  or  f 0 
2  2 L  2L  LC   2Qr 4Qr
2
 4L
 

Upper cut-off frequency f2=

1 R 1   1 1 
2
  R   or 
R
     1 2 
or f 0 
2  2 L  2L  LC   2Qr 4Qr  4L
 

3
Expression for bandwidth in a series RLC resonant circuit

At f1, capacitive reactance XC is greater than inductive reactance XL.

Therefore
XC - XL= R
At f2, inductive reactance XL is greater than capacitive reactance XC.
Therefore
XL - XC = R
Bandwidth = f2 – f1

4
Characteristics of series resonance
 The power factor is unity
 Impedance of the circuit is minimum
 Admittance of the circuit is maximum
 Current is maximum
 The magnitude of the voltage across inductance and capacitance will
be Q times the supply voltage, but they are in phase opposition

A series resonance circuit has a capability to draw heavy currents and power
from the mains. So it is regarded as acceptor circuit.
Example: 3.1
Determine the quality factor of a coil for the series resonant circuit
consisting R=10Ω, L=0.1 H and C=10 microfarad. Derive the formula
used.
1 L 1 0.1
Quality factor at resonance Qr=   10
R C 10 10  10 6

5
Example: 3.2
In a series RLC circuit, if the value of L and C are 100µH and 0.1µF
respectively. Find the resonance frequency in Hz.

1 1
fr  fo    50.33 KHz
2 LC 2 100  10  0.1 10 
6 6

Example: 3.3
A series resonant circuit has a bandwidth of 20 kHz and a quality factor of 40.
The resistor value is 10 kΩ. Find the value of L of this circuit.

oL 2 f o L
Q factor Q  
R R
Q  R 40  10  10 3
L   3.183 H
2 f o 2  20  10 3

Example: 3.4
A series RLC circuit with R=10Ω, L=10 mH and C=1µF has an applied voltage of
200V at resonance frequency. Calculate the resonant frequency, the current in
the circuit and the voltage across the elements at resonance. Find also the
quality factor and bandwidth for the circuit.

Given Data:

R=10Ω, L=10 mH, C=1µF, V=200V

Solution:

1 1
Re sonant frequency fr    1591.55 Hz
2 LC 2 10 10 3 110 6
1 L 1 10 10 3
Quality factor Q    10
R C 10 1 10 6
V 200
Current at resonance I    20 A
R 10
Upper half power frequency  f 2   fr 
R
 1591.55  79.58  1671.13 Hz
4L

6
Lower half power frequency  f1   fr 
R
 1591.55  79.58  1511.97 Hz
4L
Bandwidth  B.W  f 2  f1  1671.13  1511.97  1659.16 Hz
Voltage across the resis tan ce  VR  IR  20  10  200 V
Voltage across the induc tan ce  VL  IX L  20  2  1591.55  10  10 3  2000 V
1
Voltage across the capaci tan ce  VC  IX C  20   2000 V
2  1591.55  1  10 6

Example: 3.5
For the circuit shown in fig, determine the impedance at resonant
frequency, 10Hz below resonant frequency and 10Hz above resonant
frequency.

Solution:

1 1
Re sonant frequency fr    159.2 Hz
2 LC 2 0.1  10  10 6
At 10 Hz below, fr  159.2  10  149.2 Hz
At 10 Hz below, fr  159.2  10  169.2 Hz
At resonance, impedance is equal to resis tan ce
Z  R  10 
1 1
Capacitive reac tan ce at 149.2 Hz is , X C1    106.6 
1C 2  149.2  10  10 6
1 1
Capacitive reac tan ce at 169.2 Hz is , X C 2    94.06 
 2 C 2  169.2  10  10 6
Inductive reac tan ce at 149.2 Hz is , X L1  1 L  2  149.2  0.1  93.75 
Inductive reac tan ce at 169.2 Hz is , X L 2   2 L  2  169.2  0.1  106.31 
impedance at 149.2 Hz

Z 1  R 2  X C1  X L1
2 2
 10 2  (106.6  93.75) 2  16.28 
X C1 is greater than X L1 , so the impedance is capacitive
impedance at 169.2 Hz

Z 2  R 2  X L2  X C 2
2 2
 10 2  (106.31  94.06) 2  15.81
X L 2 is greater than X C 2 , so the impedance is inductive

7
Example: 3.6
In the circuit shown in figure, a maximum current of 0.1 A flows
through the circuit when capacitor is at 5µF with a fixed frequency and a
voltage of 5V. Determine the frequency at which the circuit resonates,
the bandwidth, the quality factor Q and the value of resistance of
resonance frequency.

Solution:
At resonance condition Z=R
V 5
R   50 
I max 0.1
1 1
Resonant frequency fr    225.08 Hz
2 LC 2 0.1  5  10 6
r L
2f r L 2  225.08  0.1
Quality Factor Q =   2.828
R R 50
fr 225.08
Bandwidth B.W =   79.58 Hz
Q 2.828
Example: 3.7
A series RLC circuit with R= 10Ω, L=0.2 mH and a variable capacitor has
to resonate at 300 kHz. Find the values of C at resonance.
Solution:
Inductive reactance
X L  2 f r L  2  200  10 3  0.2  10 3  251.32 
At resonance condition, capacitive reactance is equal to inductive
reactance.
X C  X L  251.32
1
XC 
2 f r C
1
251.32 
2  200  10 3  C
1
C  0.0031 F
2  200  10 3  251.32

8
3.3 Parallel resonance
In RLC parallel circuit, the current is minimum at resonance whereas in series
resonance the current is maximum. Therefore the parallel resonance is called anti-
resonance.
Reactance curves of RLC parallel circuit

Variation of impedance, admittance and current with frequency in RLC

parallel resonance circuit

Dynamic resistance
The resistance of the RLC parallel circuit at resonance is called dynamic
L
resistance. Rdynamic=
CR
Characteristics of parallel resonance
 At resonance, admittance is minimum and equal to conductance, therefore
current is minimum.
 Below resonant frequency, the circuit behaves as inductive circuit and above
resonant frequency, the circuit behaves as capacitive circuit.
 At resonance, the magnitude of current through inductance and capacitance
will be Q times the current supplied by the source, but they are in phase
opposition.

A parallel resonance circuit has a capability to very small currents and power
from the mains. So it is regarded as rejecter circuit.

9
Resonant Frequency
Case 1: Ideal parallel circuit

Consider the parallel circuit shown in figure.

Total admittance
Y  YR  YL  YC
1 1 1
Y  
Z R Z L ZC
1 1 1
Y  
R j XL  j XC
1 j j
Y  
R XL XC
1  1 1 
Y j   
R  C
X X L 

At resonance condition, the reactive part Y must be zero.

 1 1 
    0
 C
X X L 

1
2 f C  0
2 f L
1
f2 0
4 2 LC
1
f2
4 2 LC
1
f0 
2 LC

10
Case 2: Practical parallel circuit

The total admit tan ce of the circuit

YT  YL  YC
1 1 1 1
YT    
Z L Z C R  jX L  jX C
 1 R  jX L  j
YT     
 R  jX L R  jX L  X C
R  jX L j
YT  2 
R  XL
2
XC
R jX j
YT   2 L 2 
R  XL R  XL
2 2
XC
Separating the real and reactive parts,
R  1 XL 
YT   j   
R2  X L
2  X 2

2 
 C R X L 

At resonance condition, the reactive part of the YT should be zero

1 X
 2 L 2 0
XC R  XL
R2  X L  X L X C  0
2

R2  X L  X L X C
2

1
R 2  X L  0 L 
2

0C
L
R2  X L 
2

C
L
X L   R2
2

C
L
XL   R2
C

11
 L
0 L   R2
C
2
1 L 1 R2 1 R
0   R2     
L C LC L2 LC  L 
2
1 R
2 f 0   
LC L
2
1 1 R
Re sonace frequency f 0   
2 LC  L 

Case 3: Practical parallel circuit

The total admit tan ce of the circuit

YT  YL  YC
1 1 1 1
YT    
Z L Z C R1  jX L R2  jX C
 1 R  jX L   1 R  jX C 
YT    1     2 
 R1  jX L R1  jX L   R2  jX C R2  jX C 
R  jX L R  jX C
YT  12  22
R1  X L R2  X C
2 2

R1 jX L R2 jX C
YT    
R1  X L R1  X L R2  X C R2  X C
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Separating the real and reactive parts,

R1  X R2 X 
YT   j  2 C 2  2 L 2
 

R1  X L R2  X C  R2  X C R1  X L
2 2 2 2

At resonance condition, the reactive part of the YT should be zero
XC XL
 0
R2  X C R1  X L
2 2 2 2


X C R1  X L  X L R2  X C
2 2
  2 2
 0
XC R1
2
 XL
2
  X R L 2
2
 XC
2


12
 1
o C

R1  X L   o L R2  X C
2 2 2

2
 
 2 
R1
2 2 2

  o L 2   o L C  R2  2
1
o C 2


 
L
R1   o L 2   o L C R2 
2 2 2 2

C
L
 o 2 L 2   o 2 L C R2 2   R1 2
C


 o 2 L 2  R2 2 LC  C
L
 R1
2

L  L
 o 2 LC   R2 2    R1 2
C  C
L
 R1
2

 o 2 LC  C
L
 R2
2

C
L
 R1
2
1
o  C 
2

LC L
 R2
2

C
L
 R1
2
1
o   C
LC L
 R2
2

Example: 3.8
The parameters of RLC parallel circuit excited by a current source are
R=40Ω, L=2mH and C=3µF. Determine the resonant frequency, quality
factor, bandwidth and cut-off frequencies.
Solution:
Resonant frequency
1 1
fr    2054.7 Hz
2 LC 2 2  10  3  10 6
3

Quality factor
R R 40
Q    1.5492
0 L 2 f 0 L 2  2054.7  2  10 3
Bandwidth
1 1
   1326.3 Hz
2 RC 2  40  3  10 6

13
Higher cut off frequency
 1 1   1 1 
f2  fr   1   2.0547    1   2822.2 Hz
 2  1.5492 4  1.5492 2
2
 2Qr 4Qr  
Lower cut off frequency
 1 1   1 1 
f 2  f r   1   2.0547    1   1495.9 Hz
 2  1.5492 4  1.5492 2
2
 2Qr 4Qr  
Example: 3.9
A coli of inductance 31.8 mH and resistance 10Ω is connected in parallel
with a capacitor across a 250V, 50 Hz supply. Determine the value of
capacitance if no reactive current is taken from the supply.
Solution:
The total admit tan ce of the circuit
YT  YL  YC
1 1 1 1
YT    
Z L Z C 10  j 2  50  31.8  10 3
 jX C
 1 10  j 10  j
YT     
 10  j10 10  j 10  X C
10  j 10 j
YT  2 
10  10 2
XC
10 j 10 j j
YT     0.05  j 0.05 
200 200 X C XC
 1 
YT  0.05  j   0.05 
 XC 
Separating the real and reactive parts,
 1 
  0.05   0
 XC 
1
 0.05
XC
1
 0.05
2 f C
0.05
C  159.15 F
2  50

14
Example: 3.10
Determine the value of RC for which the circuit of the figure resonates.

Solution:

The total admit tan ce of the circuit

1 1
YT  YL  YC  
Z L ZC
1 1
YT  
3  j12 RC  j 12.5
 1 3  j 12   1 R  j 12.5 
YT       C 
 3  j 12 3  j 12   RC  j 12.5 RC  j12.5 
3  j 12 RC  j 12.5
YT  
9  144 RC 2  156.25
3 j 12 R j 12.5
YT    2 C  2
153 153 RC  156.25 RC  156.25
Separating the real and reactive parts,
3 R  12.5 12 
YT   2 C j 2  
153 RC  156.25  RC  156.25 153 

At resonance condition, the reactive part of the YT should be zero

12.5 12

RC  156.25
2
153
1912.5
RC  156.25   159.375
2

12
 159.375  156.25  3.125
2
RC
RC  1.7677 

15
Example: 3.11
Find the value of L for which the circuit shown in figure is resonates at a
frequency of 100 rad/sec.

Solution:

The total admit tan ce of the circuit

1 1
YT  YL  YC  
Z L ZC
1 1
YT  
2  jX L 5  j 10
 1 2  jX L   1 5  j 10 
YT      
 2  jX L 2  jX L   5  j 10 5  j 10 
2  jX L 5  j 10 2  jX L 5  j 10
YT    
4 XL
2
25  100 4  X L 2 125
Separating the real and reactive parts,
2 jX L 5 10
YT    j
4 XL 4  X L 125
2 2
125
2 5  10 XL 
YT    j   
2 
4  X L 125 
2
 125 4 X L 

At resonance condition, the reactive part of the YT should be zero

 10 XL 
 
 125 4  X 2   0

 L 

2 XL

25 4  X L 2

2 4 XL
2
  25 X L

8  2 X L  25 X L
2

2 X L  25 X L  8  0
2

25  25 2  4  2  8 25  625  64 25  561 25  23.6854

X L1, 2    
2 2 4 4 4
X L1  12.1713  , X L 2  0.32865 
12.1713 0.32865
L1   121.713 mH L2   3.2865 mH
100 100

16
Example: 3.12
Find C which results in resonance in the circuit shown in figure when
  5000 rad / sec .

The total admit tan ce of the circuit

1 1
YT  YL  YC  
Z L ZC
1 1
YT  
8  j 6 8  jX C
 1 8  j6   1 8  jX C 
YT       
 8  j 6 8  j 6   8  jX C 8  jX C 
8  j6 8  jX C 8  j 6 8  jX C
YT    
64  36 64  X C 2
100 64  X C
2

Separating the real and reactive parts,

8 j6 8 XC
YT    j
100 100 64  X C 2
64  X C
2

8 8  XC 6 
YT    j  
100 64  X C 2
 64  X C
2
100 

At resonance condition, the reactive part of the YT should be zero

 XC 6 

 64  X 2 100   0

 C 
XC 6

64  X C
2
100
100 X C  384  6 X C
2

6 X C  100 X C  384  0
2

100  100 2  4  6  384 100  10000  9216 100  784 100  28

X C1, 2    
26 12 12 12
X C 1  10.67  , X C 2  6 
1 1
C1   1.874  10 5 F C2   3.33 10 5 F
5000  10.67 5000  6

17
3.4 Coupled Circuits
The coupled circuits refer to circuits involving elements with magnetic coupling.
If the flux produced by an element of a circuit links other element of the same circuit or
nearby magnetic circuit then the elements are said to have magnetic coupling.
In magnetically coupled elements the power transfer occurs through magnetic
flux. In conductive coupled elements the power transfer takes place through the
current. In general, the coupled circuits refer to circuits with magnetically coupled
elements.
The transformer is the best example for coupled circuit.
Self inductance and mutual inductance
Self inductance
Self inductance of a coil is defined as the flux linkages
per unit current flowing through the coil. Its unit is Henry.
N
L
I
The self induced emf in a coil can be expressed in terms of
self inductance.

Mutual inductance
Mutual inductance between two coils is defined as the flux linkages in one coil
due to unit current in other coil. Its unit is Henry.
N N
M  2 1  1 2
I1 I2
Induced emf in a coil can be expressed in
terms of mutual inductance.
di
e2   M 1
dt
di2
e1   M
dt
e1 is the induced emf in coil 1 due to a current i 2 flowing in coil 2.

Coefficient of coupling
In coupled coils, the coefficient of coupling is defined as then fraction of the
total flux produced by one coil linking another coil.
12 21
Coefficient of coupling= K  
1 2

18
Coefficient of coupling K in terms of M, L1 and L2
 
K  21  12
1  2
N 112 N 2 21
M  
i2 i1
N 1 K 2 N 2 K1
M2  
i2 i1
N   N 2 2 
M 2  K 2  1 1   
 i1   i2 
M 2  K 2 L1 L2
M  K L1 L2
M
K
L1 L2
Significance of coupling coefficient K
 The value of K depends on spacing, orientation of the coils and also on the
permeability of medium.
 It is non-negative number and is independent of the reference directions of
the current.
 If the coils are at greater distance apart, M is very small hence K.
 For iron-core coupled circuits, K may be as high as 0.99
 For air-core coupled circuits, K varies between 0.4 and 0.8
 The maximum value of K is 1.Hence M Max  L1 L2
Analysis of coupled circuits
Dot Rule

If current enters into the dots of both the coils or out of dots of both the coils,
then the mutually induced voltages for both the coils are having the same polarity of
self induced voltages.

19
 If current enter into (or out of) the dot in one coil and in other coil current flows
out of (or into) the dot, then the mutually induced voltage will have polarity opposite
to that of self induced voltages.
Series and Parallel connection of coupled coils
Series connection of coupled coils
Series Aiding

Series Opposing

20
Parallel connection of coupled coils
Parallel Aiding

21
Parallel Opposing

22
Conductively coupled equivalent circuit

23
Example: 3.13
Calculate the mutual inductance of the circuit if the coefficient of
coupling between the two coils is 0.6 as shown in fig

M  K L1 L2
M  0.6 33mH  47mH  23.63 mH
Example: 3.14
Calculate the effective inductance between the terminals a and b.

di di di di di di di
V 4  2  2  5  2.5  2.5  3
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
di
V  13
dt
di di
Leff  13
dt dt
Leff  13 H

24
Example: 3.15
Two coupled coils with L1=0.02 H, L2=0.1 H and K=0.5 are connected in
series aiding arrangement. Obtain the equivalent inductance.
Solution:
M  K L1 L2
M  0.5 0.02  0.01 
Series aiding Leq  L1  L2  2M
Example: 3.16
If a coil of 800µH is magnetically coupled to another of 200 µH. The
coefficient of coupling between two coil is 0.05. Calculate inductance if
two coils are connected in (i) Series aiding (ii) Series opposing (iii)
Parallel aiding (iv) Parallel opposing.
Solution:
The mutual inductance between two coils

M  K L1 L2  0.05 800  10 6  200  10 6  20 H

Series aiding
Leq  L1  L2  2M  800H  200H  2 20H   1040 H
Series opposing
Leq  L1  L2  2M  800H  200H  2 20H   960 H

Parallel aiding

Leq 
L1 L2  M 2

    
800  10 6 200  10 6  20  10 6 2
 166.25 H
L1  L2  2M     
800  10 6  200  10 6  20  10 6
Parallel opposing

Leq 
L1 L2  M 2

    
800  10 6 200  10 6  20  10 6 2
 153.46 H
L1  L2  2M     
800  10 6  200  10 6  20  10 6

25
Example: 3.17
Determine the voltage V for the coupled circuit shown in figure. Use loop
current method. The co efficient of coupling is 0.8.

Solution:

26
Example: 3.18
Find the vector values of current in the network. Also find the power
delivered by each source.

Example: 3.19
The number of turns in two coupled coils are 500 turns and 1500 turns
respectively. When 5A current flows through the coil, the total flux in this coil
is 0.6×10-3 wb and the flux linking in second coil is 0.3×10 -3. Determine L1, L2, M
and K.

27
Given:
N1= 500 turns N2=1500 turns i1= 5A
Φ1=0.6×10-3 wb Φ12=0.3×10-3 wb
Solution:
N11 500  0.6  10 3
Self induc tan ce of the coil L1    0.06 H
i1 5
12 0.3  10 3
Co efficient of coupling  K    0.5
1 0.6  10 3
N 212 1500  0.3  10 3
Self induc tan ce of the coil M    0.09 H
i1 5
M2 0.09 2
Self induc tan ce of the coil L2    0.54 H
K 2 L1 0.5 2  0.06

Example: 3.20
Two coils in series have an equivalent inductance of 0.8 H when
connected in aiding and an equivalent inductance of 0.4 H when
connected in opposing. Find M. Calculate self inductance. Take K=0.55.

Given:
L1= 0.8 H L2= 0.4 H K=0.55
Solution:
Leq  L1  L2  2 M  0.8 H ( series aiding )....(1)
Leq  L1  L2  2 M  0.4 H ( series oppo sin g )....( 2)
subtracting the equation (2) from equation(1)
4 M  0.4 H
0.4
M   0.1 H
4
M
Coupling coefficient K 
L1 L2
M
L1 L2 
K
2 2
M   0.1 
L1 L2        0.033
K  0.55 

28
 0.033
L1 
L2
Substituting the value of L1 in eqn (1)

 L2  2  0.1  0.8
0.033
L2
0.033
 L2  0.8  0.2  0.6
L2
0.033  L2
2

 0.6
L2
L2  0.033  0.6 L2
2

L2  0.6 L2  0.033  0
2

L2  0.538 H or 0.061 H
0.033 0.033
L1   0.061 H or L1   0.54 H
0.538 0.061
Example: 3.21
Find the mutual inductance Xm in the coupled circuit shown below if the
average power in 8Ω resistor is 100W.

Solution:

 R1  jL1 jM   I 1  V I 
 j M 
 R2  jL2   I 2  V2 
 5  j5  jX m   I 1  100
 jX   I    0 
 m 8 j12   2  
 5  j5  jX m 
  40  j 60  j 40  60  X m  X m  j100  20
2 2

 jX m 8  j12
 5  j5 100
2    j100 X m
 jX m 0 
2 j100 X m
I2  
 X m  j100  20
2

29
Power in 8Ω resistance = I22R = 100 W

100
I2   12.5
2

8
I 2  3.535 A

j100 X m
3.535 
X m  j100  20
2

3.535 X m  j 353.5  70.7  j100 X m

2

3.535 X m  j 353.5  j100 X m  70.7  0

2

Example: 3.22
Two coupled coils have self inductances of L 1=50mH and L2=200mH.The
coupling coefficient is 0.5. Find M. If N1 is 1000 turns, what is the value of N2? If
a current i1=5 sin (400t) A through the coil 1; find the flux 1 and the mutually
induced voltage V2M .
Solution:

30
3.5 Tuned coupled circuit
In a coupled circuit, when capacitors are added to primary and secondary of
coupled coils to resonate the coils to achieve maximum power transfer condition,
then the coupled circuit is called tuned coupled circuit.
The tuned coupled circuits are mainly used to transfer energy from a weak
source to a load or employed for maximum power transfer from one circuit to another
circuit. This is possible only when both coils work at resonance condition.
Types of tuned coupled circuit
Single tuned circuit
In a coupled circuit, when capacitors are added to secondary coil to resonate
the secondary, the coupled circuit is called single tuned coupled circuit.
Double tuned circuit
In a coupled circuit, when capacitors are added both primary and secondary
coils to resonate the primary and secondary, the coupled circuit is called double
tuned coupled circuit.
Applications of tuned circuits
 It is widely used in the intermediate frequency amplifiers in receivers.
 It is used in communication systems
Single tuned circuit
 It consists of coil on primary side and tank circuit on secondary side. The tank
circuit consists of coil 2 and capacitor.
 The coil 1 and the resonant circuit are inductively coupled.
 The coil1 is excited by voltage source Vi and the output is taken across the
capacitor C2.

31
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