RESONANCE IN R-L-C

CIRCUIT
1. SERIES CIRCUIT
2. PARALLEL CIRCUIT
RESONANCE IN R-L-C
SERIES CIRCUIT
Let us consider as R-L-C series circuit
We know that the impedance in R-L-C series circuit is
| Z | R 2   X L  X C 
2

1
Where XL =2πfL & XC =
2πfL

Such a circuit shown in figure is connected to an a.c. source of

constant supply voltage V but having variable frequency. The
frequency can be varied from zero, increasing and approaching
infinity.
• Since X L and X c are functions of frequency, at a particular
frequency of the applied voltage, XL and Xc will became equal
in magnitude.
Since XL = Xc
XL - Xc = 0
∴ 𝑍 = 𝑅2 + 0 = 𝑅

The circuit, when XL = Xc and hence 𝑍 = 𝑅 , is said to be in

resonance. In a series circuit current I remains the same
throughout we can write,
 𝐼𝑋𝐿 = 𝐼𝑋𝐶
i.e. 𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝐶
So, at resonance 𝑉𝐿 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝐶 will cancel out each other.
∴ the supply voltage

𝑉= 𝑉𝐿 2 + (𝑉𝐿 − 𝑉𝐶 )2

𝑉= 𝑉𝑅 2
∴ 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑅

𝑖. 𝑒. The entire supply voltage will drop across the resistor R

Resonant frequency
• At resonance X L = X c
1
∴ 2π𝑓𝑟 𝐿 = (𝑓𝑟 is the resonant frequency)
2π𝑓𝑟 𝐶

2 1
∴ 𝑓𝑟 =
(2π)2 L𝐶
1
∴ 𝑓𝑟 =
2π L𝐶
Where L is the inductance in henry, C is the capacitance in farad
and 𝑓𝑟 the resonant frequency in Hz
Under resonance condition the net reactance is zero . Hence the
impedance of the circuit.

Z  R 2  X 2  R  X  0orX L  X C  0

This is the minimum possible value of impedance. Hence, circuit

current is maximum for the given value of R and its value is given
by

V V
Im    Z  R
Z R
The circuit behaves like a pure resistive circuit because net
reactance is zero . So, the current is in phase with applied voltage
.obviously, the power factor of the circuit is unity under resonance
condition.
as current is maximum it produces large voltage drop across L
and C.
Voltage across the inductance at resonance is given by

VL  I m X L  I mr L
 I m  2 f r L 
1 L L2
 I m 2  L  Im  Im
2 LC LC LC
L
 Im
C
At resonance, the current the current flowing in the
circuit is equal to V
R
V L L
VL  V
R C CR 2
Similarly voltage across capacitance at resonance is given by
VC  I m X C
1 1
 Im  Im
r C 2 f r C
1 I m LC LC
 Im   Im 2
1 C C
2  C
2 LC
L V L
 Im 
C R C
Thus voltage drop across L and C are equal and many times the
applied voltage. Hence voltage magnification occurs at the
resonance condition.so series resonance condition is often refers to
as voltage resonance.
Q-FACTOR IN R-L-C SERIES CIRCUIT
Q-FACTOR: In case of R-L-C series circuit Q-Factor is
defined as the voltage magnification of the circuit at resonance.
Current at resonance is given by
V
Im   V  Im R
R
And voltage across inductance or capacitor is given by =
I m X L OR I m X C
Voltage magnification = voltage across L or C /applied voltage
VL
 OR 
VC
V
 VL  VC 
V
Im X L Im X C
 OR
Im R Im R
XL X
 OR  C
R R
Thus Q-factor  X L OR  X C
R R
r L 1
 OR 
R r CR
2 f r L 1
 OR 
R 2 f r CR
2 L 1
 OR 
2 LC R 2 
1
CR
2 LC
1 L2 1 LC
 OR 
R LC R C2
1 L

R C

1 L 2 f r L 1
Q  factor   
R C R 2 f r CR
Effects of series resonance
1. When a series in R-L-C circuit attains resonance 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐶
i.e., the next reactance of the circuit is zero.
2. 𝑍 = 𝑅 𝑖. 𝑒. , the impedance of the circuit is minimum.
𝑉
3. Since Z is minimum, 𝐼 = will be minimum.
𝑍
4. Since I is maximum, the power dissipated would be
maximum 𝑃 = 𝐼 2 R .
5. Since 𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝐶 , 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑅 . 𝑖. 𝑒., the supply voltage is in phase
with the supply current
RESONANCE IN R-L-C
PARALLEL CIRCUIT
In R-L-C series circuit electrical resonance takes place when the
voltage across the inductance is equal to the voltage across the
capacitance. Alternatively, resonance takes place when the power
factor of the circuit becomes unity. this is the basic condition of
resonance. It remains the same for parallel circuits also .thus
resonance will occur in parallel circuit when the power factor of the
entire circuit becomes unity . let us consider R-L-C parallel circuit
For parallel circuit, the applied voltage is taken as reference phasor.
𝑑𝑦
The current drawn an inductive coil lags the applied voltage by an
𝑑𝑥
phase angle 𝜃 .

The current drawn by capacitor leads the applied voltage by 90° .

Now power factor of the entire circuit is in phase with the applied
voltage. This will happen when the current drawn by the capacitive
branch, equals to the reactive component of current of inductive
branch.
Hence the resonance takes place the necessary condition is
IC  I L sin  ……………(1)
V
Current in a capacitive branch, I C  and ………...(2)
XC
V
Current in inductive branch, IL 
ZL
Where Z = impedance of the inductive branch
L

 R  jX L  R 2  X L 2
angle of lag XL
  tan 1
R
and XL
sin  
ZL
Now V X L VX L …………….(3)
I L sin     2
ZL ZL ZL
Now substituting the equations 2 and 3 in equation 1,we get
1 R2
r 
2
 2
V VX LC L
 2L
X C ZL
1 R2
 ZL2  X L X C r   2
LC L
1 L
 R 2   r L   r L
2
 1 R2
r C C  2 f r   2
L LC L
  r L  
2
 R2
C 1 1 R2
 fr   2
L R2
r L  
2 2 2 LC L
C 1
Where 𝑓𝑟 is a resonant frequency in Hertz. The expression is different
from that of series circuit. However if the resistance (R) of the coil is
negligible the expression of resonant frequency reduces to

1 1 1
fr  
2 LC 2 LC
From the phasor diagram it is clear that, the current in the inductive
and capacitive branches may be many times greater then the
resultant current under the condition of resonance. As the reactive
component is 0 under resonance condition in order to satisfy the
condition of unity power factor, the resultant current is minimum
under this condition. From the above, it is observed that the current
taken from the supply can be greatly magnified by means of a
parallel resonant circuit. This current magnification is termed as
Q-factor of the circuit.

I C I L sin 
 Q  factor    tan 
I I L cos 
 X L 2 f r L
 
R R
At resonance the resultant current drawn by parallel circuit is in
phase with the applied voltage.
resultant current V R VR
I  I L cos   . 
ZL ZL ZL2
But under the condition of resonance

1 L
ZL 2
 X L X C  r L  
r C C

Resultant current VR VR
 
L / C L / CR
Thus the impedance offered by a parallel resonant circuit L
 .
CR
This impedance is purely resistive and generally known as
equivalent or dynamic impedance of the circuit.as the current at
resonance is minimum, the dynamic impedance represents the
maximum impedance offered by the circuit at resonance .
So the parallel circuit is consider as a condition of maximum
impedance or minimum admittance.
The current at resonance is minimum , hence the circuit is
sometimes called as rejecter circuit because it rejects that frequency
to which it resonant.
The phenomenon of resonance is parallel circuits is of
great importance because it forms the basis of tuned circuits in
electronics.
COMPARISION OF SERIES AND PARALLEL
RESONANCE
Description Series circuit Parallel circuit

𝑳
Impedance at resonance Minimum given by 𝒁 = 𝑹 Maximum given by 𝒁 =
𝑪𝑹

𝑽 𝑽
Current at resonance Maximum = Minimum =
𝑹 𝑳 𝑪𝑹

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝑹𝟐
𝒇𝒓 = 𝒇𝒓 = −
Resonant frequency 𝟐𝝅 𝑳𝑪 𝟐𝝅 𝑳𝑪 𝑳𝟐

Circuit is capacitive (as the net Circuit is inductive (as the net
When 𝒇 < 𝒇𝒓 susceptance is negative)
reactance is negative)

Circuit is inductive (as the net Circuit is capacitive (as the net
When 𝒇 > 𝒇𝒓 susceptance is positive)
reactance is positive)

Power factor at resonance Unity Unity

𝑿𝑳 𝑿𝑳
Q- factor 𝑹 𝑹

It magnifies at resonance voltage current

 Thank You !

• MADE BY
• SIDDHI SHRIVAS