Fundamentals of Electric Circuits

AC Circuits

Chapter 9. Sinusoids and Phasors

9.1. Introduction
9.2. Sinusoids
9.3. Phasors
9.4. Impedance and admittance
9.5. Kirchhoff’s law in the frequency domain
9.6. Impedance combinations
 FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRIC CIRCUITS – AC Circuits

9.1. Introduction
+ DC sources:  the main means of providing electric power up until the late 1800s

+ Comparing direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC):

 AC is more efficient and economical to transmit over long distances

+ Begin the analysis of circuits:  source voltage or current is time varying (sinusoidal time varying
excitation (sinusoid))

o A sinusoid is a signal that has the form of the sine or cosine funcions
o A sinusoidal current is usually referred to as alternating current
o Circuits driven by sinusoidal current or voltage sources are called AC circuits
 FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRIC CIRCUITS – AC Circuits

9.2. Sinusoids
 Consider the sinusoidal voltage: v(t)  Vm sin(t   )
where: Vm: the amplitude of the sinusoid [V]
ω: the angular frequency [radians/s]
ωt + φ: the argument of the sinusoid
φ: the phase of the sinusoid
2
 Period of the sinusoid: T v(t  T)  v(t)

 Cyclic frequency f: f 
1
Hz     2f
T

 A periodic function is one that satisfies f(t) = f(t + nT), for all t and all integers n
 FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRIC CIRCUITS – AC Circuits

9.3. Phasors
 Sinusoids:  easily expressed in terms of phasors (convenient to work with than sine and cosine functions)

 A phasor:  a complex number that represents the amplitude and phase of a sinusoid

 A complex number Z can be written as

Rectangular form Z  x  jy x: the real part of Z y: the imaginary part of z

y
Polar form Z  r r x y 2 2
  ar tan
x
Exponential form Z  re
j
x  r cos  y  r sin 

Z  x  jy  r  r cos   j sin  

 FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRIC CIRCUITS – AC Circuits

9.3. Phasors
 Mathematical functions with complex numbers: Z1  x1  jy1  r11 Z 2  x2  jy2  r2  2

Z1  Z 2  x1  x2   j  y1  y2 
. .
+ Addition, subtraction:

+ Multiplication: Z1.Z 2  r1r2 1   2 

1 1 1
 1   2 
Z1 r1 Note:    j
+ Division: Z r
Z 2 r2 j
1
+ Square root: Z1  r1 
2

+ Complex conjugate: Z 1  x1  jy1  r1  1  r1e  j1
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9.3. Phasors
e j
 cos   j sin   
cos   Re(e j )  v(t)  Vm cos(t   )  Re Vme j (t ) 
 sin   Im(e )
j

  
v(t)  Re Vmej ejt  Re Vejt 
V is the phasor representation of the sinusoid v(t)

Time domain representation Phasor domain representation

v(t)  Vm cos t    V  Vm 

dv(t)
j V
dt
V
 v(t)dt j
 Note: sinusoidal signals are of the same frequency
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9.3. Phasors
 Phasor relationships for circuit elements
Resistor R i R(t)  I m cos t    vR(t)  R I m cos t  
V  RI m   RI

Inductor L i L (t)  I m cos t  

  LI m cos t    900 

di
vL (t)  L
dt
V  LI m e j  90   jLI

Capacitor C vC (t)  Vm cos t  

dv
iC (t)  C  CV m cos t    900 
dt
I 1
I  CVm e j  90   jCV  V  j I
j C C
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9.4. Impedance and Admittance

+ Impedance Z of a circuit:  the ratio of the phasor voltage V to the phasor current I, measured in Ohms
(Ω)
V 1 I
Z  V  ZI Y   I  YV
I Z V

Impedances & admittances of passive elements

Element Impedance Z [Ω] Admittance Y [S]  R  Re Z : resistance
Z  R jX 
1  X Im Z : reactance
R ZR Y
R
1  G  Re Y : conductance
L Z  j L Y Y  G jB 
j L
 B  Im Y : susceptance
1
C Z Y  j C
j C
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9.5. Kirchhoff’s law in the frequency domain

+ Both KVL and KCL hold in the frequency domain
o KCL (for any node or section):
. . . n .
I 1  I 2  ...  I n  0   I k  0
k0

o KVL (for any loop):

. . . n .
V1  V2  ...  Vn  0   Vk  0
k0
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9.6. Impedance Combinations

+ All equivalent transformations are still correct:

Z1 Z2
o N series connected impedances:
. . . . . Zn
V  V1  V2  ...  Vn  I (Z 1  Z 2  ...  Z N ) V

Z eq  Z1  Z 2  ...  Z n

Z1
o Voltage division:.
Z1 . . Z2 . Z2
V1  V ; V2  V V
Z1  Z 2 Z1  Z 2
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9.6. Impedance Combinations

o N parallel connected impedances:

. . . . .  1 1 1  . 1
I  I 1  I 2  ...  I n  V    ...  V
 Z1 Z 2 ZN  Z eq Z1 Z2 Zn

Yeq  Y1  Y2  ...  Yn

o Current division:
Z1 Z2
. Z2 . . Z1 .
I1  I ; I2  I
Z1  Z 2 Z1  Z 2
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9.6. Impedance Combinations

o Y∆ conversion
Z1 Z 2
Z12  Z1  Z 2 
Z12 Z3
Z1 Z13
Z1 Z 3 Z 2Z3
Z13  Z1  Z 3  Z 23  Z 2  Z 3 
Z 2 Z3 Z2 Z1
Z 23
(A delta or wye circuit is said to be balanced if it has equal
o ∆Y conversion impedances in all three braches)

Z12 Z13
Z1 
Z12
Z1  Z 2  Z 3
Z1 Z13
Z12 Z 23 Z13 Z 23
Z2  Z3 
Z 2 Z3
Z1  Z 2  Z 3 Z1  Z 2  Z 3
Z 23
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9.6. Impedance Combinations

+ Example 1: Determine v0(t) in the circuit if v(t) = 20cos(4t - 150)
R
o Transform the time-domain circuit to the equivalent phasor domain 60Ω
L +
5H v
vS(t)  20 cos(4t 15 )  Vs  20  150 V v(t) C 10mF 0

1 Z Z -
ZC    j 25 , ZL  j  L  j 20  Z LC  C L  j100
j C ZC  ZL

o Applying the voltage division law:

Z LC j100
V0  Vs  20  150  17.1515.960 V
Z R  Z LC 60  j100

o Convert it to the time domain: v (t)  17.15cos(4t  15,.96 0 )V

 FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRIC CIRCUITS – AC Circuits

9.6. Impedance Combinations

+ Example 2: Find the current i(t) in the given circuit R2 2Ω -j4Ω C1

o Convert the delta network to Y network i(t)

R1 L1 R3 8Ω
Z L1 R2  Z C1  Z L1.R3
Z1   1.6  j 0.8 Z2   j 3.2 12Ω j4Ω
L2
Z L1  R2  Z C1  R3 Z L1  R2  Z C1  R3 500 V 0
C2
j6Ω
v(t) -j3Ω
R3 R2  Z C1 
Z3   1.6  j 3.2 R4 8Ω
Z L1  R2  Z C1  R3
o Total impedance of circuit
Z  R1  Z1  Z 2  Z C 2  // R4  Z 3  Z L 2   13.6  j1  13.644.20 
o The current through R1 is
5000
V
I 
Z 13.644.2 0
 3.66  4.2 0
A  i t   3.66 cos  t  4.
2 0
A 
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Appendix: Complex numbers with calculator

Type a  jb  A A  a  jb

4 shift + 3 = →A=5 5 shift - 36.87 = →a=4
Fx500A
shift [(--- → φ = 36.870 shift [(--- →b=3

Select complex mode

shift Abs ( 4 + 3 i ) = 5 shift (-) 36.87 =
Fx570
→A=5 →a=4
Move the cursor to the Arg position shift Re - Im
shift Arg → φ = 36.870 →b=3
 FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRIC CIRCUITS – AC Circuits

Appendix: Complex numbers with calculator

Type a  jb  A A  a  jb
Pol ( 4 , 3 = →A=5 shift Pol ( 5 , 36.87 = →a=4
Fx500MS
RCL tan = → φ = 36.870 RCL tan = →b=3

Select complex mode

4 + 3 shift i shift + = 5 shift ∟ 36.87 = →a=4
Fx570MS
→A=5
shift = →b=3
shift =
→ φ = 36.870

Select complex mode

Fx570ES 4 + 3 shift ENG shift 2 3 5 shift (-) 36.87 =

 A  a  jb