CIRCUIT THEORY II

EEE 202 Assist.Prof.Dr. Durmuş UYGUN

Introduction
Objectives of the Lecture;
 Complex Numbers and Complex Mathematical
Operations
 Phasors, Rotating Vectors and Phasor Diagrams

 Solving AC Circuits

 Phasor Relationships for circuit Elements

 Impedance and Admittance

 Kirchoff’s Laws in the Frequency Domain

 Impedance Combinations

 Applications
Complex Numbers
 A complex number may be written in RECTANGULAR FORM as:

RECTANGULAR FORM
z = x+ jy j= -1, x=Re  z  , y=Im(z)
 A second way of representing the complex number is by specifying the
MAGNITUDE as r and the ANGLE θ in POLAR form.
POLAR FORM
z = x+ jy= z  =r
 The third way of representing the complex number is the EXPONENTIAL form.
EXPONENTIAL FORM • x is the REAL part.
z = x+ jy= z  =re j • y is the IMAGINARY part.
• r is the MAGNITUDE.
• φ is the ANGLE.
Form Expressions and Conversions
z = x+ jy j= -1 RECTANGULAR FORM
 In other words;
x  r cos  y  r sin 

z= r  POLAR FORM
y
r  x2  y 2  =tan -1
x

z= re j EXPONENTIAL FORM
y
r  x2  y 2  =tan -1
x

z = x + jy= r  = re j

e j =cos +jsin Euler's Identity

cos  Re e j  Real part
sin  Im e j  Imaginary part
Mathematical Operations
ADDITION: z1 + z 2 =(x1 + x 2 )+j(y1 + y 2 )
SUBTRACTION: z1 - z 2 =(x1 -x 2 )+j(y1 - y 2 )

MULTIPLICATION: z1z 2 = r1 r2 1 +2

z1 r1
DIVISION: = 1 -2
z 2 r2

1 1
RECIPROCAL: = -
z r
SQUARE ROOT: z = r  
2

COMPLEX CONJUGATE: z  x  jy  r     re  j
Example
Phasors - 1
 A phasor is a complex number that represents the amplitude
and phase of a sinusoid.
 Phasor is the mathematical equivalent of a sinusoid with time
variable dropped.
 Phasor representation is based on Euler’s identity.

e j =cos  jsin Euler's Identity

cos  Re e j  Real part
sin  Im e j  Imaginary part
Phasors - 2
 Given a sinusoid v(t)=Vmcos(ωt+φ).

v(t )  Vm cos(t   )  Re(Vme j (t  ) )  Re(Vm e j e jt )  Re(Ve jt )

V  Vm e j  Vm  PHASOR REP.

v(t )  Vm cos(t   )  V  Vm 
(Time Domain Re pr.) (Phasor Domain Re presentation)
v(t )  Re{Ve jt } (Converting Phasor back to time)
Phasors - 3
 Given the sinusoids i(t)=Imcos(ωt+φI) and v(t)=Vmcos(ωt+ φV),
we can obtain the phasor forms as:
Phasors - 4
 Amplitude and phase difference are two principal concerns in the study of
voltage and current sinusoids.
 Phasor will be defined from the cosine function in all our proceeding study. If
a voltage or current expression is in the form of a sine, it will be changed to
a cosine by subtracting from the phase.
Example
- Transform the following sinusoids to phasors:
 i(t) = 6cos(50t – 40o) A
 v(t) = –4sin(30t + 50o) V
- Transform the following phasors to sinusoids:
V  1030 V
I  j(5  j12) A
Phasors as Rotating Vectors
v(t )  Vm cos(t   )
v(t )  Re Vm e( jt  ) 
v(t )  Re Vm ( jt   ) 
Rotating Phasor
Phasors as Rotating Vectors
 Rotates on a circle of radius Vm at an angular velocity of ω in
the counterclockwise direction.
 SINOR Ve jt
Phasor Diagrams
Time Domain Re presentation Phasor Domain Re p.
Vm cos(t   ) Vm 
Vm sin(t   ) Vm   90
I m cos(t   ) I m 
I m sin(t   ) I m   90
Differentiation and Integration in
Phasor Domain
 Differentiating a sinusoid is equivalent to multiplying its corresponding
phasor by jω.
v(t )  Vm cos(t   )  Re  Ve jt 
dv(t )
 Vm sin(t   )  Vm cos(t    90)
dt
dv
= Re  j Ve jt   JV
dt

(Time Domain) (Phasor Domain)

 Integrating a sinusoid is
v(t )  Vm cos(t   )  V  Vm 
equivalent to dividing
v(t )  Vm sin(t   )  V  Vm   90
its corresponding phasor by jω.
dv
 JV
dt
V
 vdt 
J
Adding Phasors Graphically
 Adding sinusoids of the same frequency is equivalent to adding their
corresponding phasors.
V=V1+V2
Example - 1
 Find V=V1+V2

 Solution:
Example - 2
 Question:

 Solution:
Solving AC Circuits
 We can derive the differential equations for the following circuit in order
to solve for vo(t) in phase domain Vo.

d 2vo 5 dv0 400

2
  20v0   sin(4t  15o
)
dt 3 dt 3
 However, the derivation may sometimes be very tedious. So, is there any
quicker and more systematic methods to do it?
 ANSWER: Instead of first deriving the differential equation and then
transforming it into phasor to solve for Vo, we can transform all the RLC
components into phasor first, then apply the KCL laws and other theorems
to set up a phasor equation involving Vo directly.
Phasor Relationships for Circuit
Elements
 After we know how to convert RLC components from time to
phasor domain, we can transform a time domain circuit into a
phasor/frequency domain circuit.
 Hence, we can apply the KCL laws and other theorems to
directly set up phasor equations involving our target variable(s)
for solving.
 Next we find the phasor or frequency domain equivalent of the
element equations for RLC elements.
Phasor Relationships for Circuit
Elements
i (t )  I m cos(t   )  Re(Ie jt )
v(t )  i (t ) R  RI m cos(t   )
V  RI m  =RI
Phasor Relationships for Resistor
Phasor Relationships for Inductor
Phasor Relationships for Inductor
Phasor Relationships for Capacitor
Phasor Relationships for Capacitor
Summary: Phasor Relationships for
Circuit Elements
Terminal Equations
Impedance and Admittance
 The Impedance Z of a circuit is the ratio of phasor voltage V to the phasor
current I. V
Z or V =ZI
I
 The Admitance Y of a circuit is the reciprocal of impedance measured in
Simens (S). I 1
Y  or I =YV
V Z
 Impedances and Admitances of passive elements.
Element Impedance Admitance
1
R Z=R Y=
R
1
L Z  j L Y=
j L
1
C Z= Y  jC
j C
Impedance as a Function of Frequency
 The Impedance Z of a circuit is a function of the frequency.
Element Impedance Admitance
1
L Z  j L Y=
j L
1
C Z= Y  jC
j C
 Inductor is SHORT CIRCUIT at DC and OPEN CIRCUIT at high frequencies.
Capacitor is OPEN CIRCUIT at DC and SHORT CIRCUIT at high frequencies.
Z L  j L
ZL  0   0 (Short at DC)
Z L      (Open as   )
1
ZC =
j C
Z C     0 (Open at DC)
ZC  0    (Open as   )
Impedance of Joint Elements
 The Impedance Z represents the opposition of the circuit to the flow of
sinusoidal current.
V
Z  R  jX 
I
=Resistance + j  Reactance
+
= Z  Z I
V
X -
Z  R X 2 2
  tan 1

R
R  Z cos X  Z sin 

 The Reactance is Inductive if X is positive and it is Capacitive if X is negative.

Impedance as a Function of Frequency
 As the applied frequency increases, the resistance of a resistor remains
constant, the reactance of an inductor increases linearly, and the reactance
of a capacitor decreases nonlinearly.
Example
 Determine v(t) and i(t).
Admittance of Joint Elements
 The Admittance Y represents the admittance of the circuit to the flow of
sinusoidal current. The admittance is measured in Siemens (s)

1 I
Y   G  jB
Z V
 Conductance + j  Suseptance= Y 

1 R  jX R  jX
Y  G  jB   2
R  jX R  jX R  X 2
R X
G 2 B 2
R X 2
R  X2
Application of KVL for Phasors
 The Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) holds in the frequency domain. For series
connected impedances:

V
Z eq   Z1  Z 2   Z N (Equivalent Impedance)
I

 The Voltage Division for two elements in series is:

Z1
V1  V
Z1  Z 2
Z2
V2  V
Z1  Z 2
Parallel Combination for Phasors
 The Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) holds in the frequency domain. For series
connected impedances:

1 I 1 1 1
Yeq    Y1  Y2   YN     (Eqv. Admitance)
Z eq V Z1 Z 2 ZN
 The Current Division for two elements is:
Z2
I1  I
Z1  Z 2
Z1
I2  I
Z1  Z 2
Example
 Determine the input impedance of the circuit at ω=10 rad/sec.
Example
 Calculate the vo(t) in the circuit given below.
Application of Current Division for
Phasors
 Current Division Example: Calculate I1 and I2.
Solution
Problem
Solution
Solution (Cont.)