MTV310 CHAPTER 3 – INTEGRAL APPROACH

Introduction
• Why integral approach?
Integrated answer
No detail, approximate
• Control volume
• Mass conservation
• Momentum conservation
• Energy conservation
• Control volume makes it possible to determine the
answer where we want it
Examples

MTV310 CHAPTER 3 – INTEGRAL APPROACH

System versus control volume

• Conservation laws for system
Mass conservation
dms
msyst = constant  0
dt

Momentum conservation

 
  d 
F  ma  mV Newton II
dt
Energy conservation
dQ dW dE
  1st law of Thermo
2
dt dt dt

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MTV310 CHAPTER 3 – INTEGRAL APPROACH

System versus control volume

• Conservation laws of system useful for solids or
closed containers with fluid
• For fluids in general more useful to consider a
specific area or region examples
• The transformation between conservation laws for
system and for a control volume is given by:
– Reynolds transport theorem m e
m i
m m

Fixed mass m i m e
system control volume
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MTV310 CHAPTER 3 – INTEGRAL APPROACH

Reynolds transport theorem

• Property B in system and control volume
S(t) Bin Bout

BCV(t) = BS(t) BCV(t+dt) BS(t+dt)

CV(t) CV(t+dt) S(t+dt)

System moves through Control Volume
At time t: BCV(t) = BS(t)
At time t+dt: BCV(t+dt) = BS(t+dt) - Bout + Bin
dB
= BS(t+dt) - dvolout + dvolin with   dm
The change in the control volume is the difference:
dBCV = BCV(t+dt) - BCV(t) = BS(t+dt) - dvolout + dvolin - BS(t)
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MTV310 CHAPTER 3 – INTEGRAL APPROACH

Reynolds transport theorem (cont).

Time derivative: dBCV 1
= [BS(t+dt) - BS(t)] - dvolout + dvolin
dt dt dt dt
First term on right is time derivative , and change in volume per time
is AV, thus dBCV dBS(t)
= - (AV)out + (AV)in
dt dt
Rearrange d  
dvol   AV out  AV in
dB s
dt

dt   
 CV 

 dvol   dm dvol   dm dm   dB  B
dB dB
because CV
CV CV CV CV
 
Reynolds’ transport theorem:
d
dt
Bs   d 
dt  dvol  
    

 V  n dA
5  CV  G

MTV310 CHAPTER 3 – INTEGRAL APPROACH

Reynolds transport theorem (cont).

 
B   d   dvol     V  n dA
d 
s
dt dt
 CV  G
the temporal variation of B for a system is equal to the
temporal variation of B in the control volume + the net outflow
(out - in) of B over the control volume boundary, G.
For fixed control volume with  and  homogeneous over CV:
d    
dt   dvol    t  dvol  t  volume
 CV  CV

If inlets and outlets perpendicular to CV boundary:

  V  n dA   AV 

 AV 

out  in
G

Theorem becomes 
dB  
   vol   AV    AV in
6  dt  s t out

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MTV310 CHAPTER 3 – INTEGRAL APPROACH

Mass conservation in control volume

dB
The property B becomes: B = m    1
dm
Transport theorem becomes:
 dB    dm  
    vol   AV out   AV in     vol   AV    AV in
 dt  s t  dt  s t
out

But, mass conservation for system: dms  0

dt
Therefore  vol   AV out   AV in = 0
t
For unsteady, incompressible flow: in = out= CV    0
t
Therefore   AV out    AV in or Qin = Qout
examples
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MTV310 CHAPTER 3 – INTEGRAL APPROACH

Momentum conservation in control volume

dB 
The property B becomes: B = mV    V
dm
Transport theorem becomes  dB     vol  AV   AV 
(fixed CV):
 
 dt  s t
 out  in

 d ( mV )   
     
 
   V vol   VAV out   VAV in
 dt  s t
But, mass flow is: m  AV Therefore d mV s   V vol   m V uit   m V in
dt t

The flow across the CV boundaries is still perpendicular to the boundary

 F  dt mV 
 d 
Newton II for system S
 
Therefore  F  t V vol   m V  out   m V in
the sum of the forces in a given direction on the control volume is equal to the change of
momentum with time in the control volume + the net outflow of momentum from the control
8
volume

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MTV310 CHAPTER 3 – INTEGRAL APPROACH

Momentum conservation in control volume

 
 F  t V vol   m V  out   m V in

 
Steady flow: V vol  0   F   m V out   m V in
t

Steady, incompressible flow:   F    QV out   QV in 
0
 V 
Unsteady, incompressible flow: V vol   vol  V vol
t t t
 V
F   vol   m V out   m V in
t

Correction factor for flow profile Examples

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