Chapter 4: Control Volume Analysis

Using Energy

Conservation of Mass and Conservation of Energy

 ENGINEERING CONTEXT

The objective of this chapter is to develop and illustrate the use of the control
volume forms of the conservation of mass and conservation of energy principles.
Mass and energy balances for control volumes are introduced in Secs. 4.1 and
4.2, respectively. These balances are applied in Sec. 4.3 to control volumes at
steady state and in Sec. 4.4 for transient applications.

Although devices such as turbines, pumps, and compressors through which

mass flows can be analyzed in principle by studying a particular quantity of
matter (a closed system) as it passes through the device, it is normally preferable
to think of a region of space through which mass flows (a control volume). As in
the case of a closed system, energy transfer across the boundary of a control
volume can occur by means of work and heat. In addition, another type of energy
transfer must be accounted for- the energy accompanying mass as it enters or
exits.
Examples of Open Systems
 How do we get from the fixed mass
(closed) systems that we know, to the
open systems we are interested in?
Mass crosses boundary-
What about energy?
W ??
W

T P
Consequences of mass and energy crossing boundary?
Where does mass cross boundary?

Yes No

Yes

Yes

Does total mass in the system change over time?

 Where does energy cross boundary?
?? Yes

??

Yes

What is the purpose of this device?

What performance questions might we ask?
Which energies are most significant?
What is the relationship between these energies?
Does the total mass and/or energy of system change over time?
 What forms of energy cross boundary?

Chemical
Thermal (In)
Mechanical Work (Out)
Rotational, Torque
Non-reacted Gas,
Hot Gas (Out)
Chemical Energy (In)
(Stored in Chemical Bonds)
 One Inlet, One Exit
Control Volume Boundary
Dashed line defines control volume boundary

Inlet, i
Exit, e

Mass is shown in green

Developing Control Volume Mass Balance
Start with fixed mass (closed system) and allow an interaction with mass crossing
a boundary. Transform to a form that accounts for flow across boundary.

Total mass is:

mtotal = mi + mcv ( t )
At time t

mi
mcv (t)
Inlet, i
Exit, e

Push mass mi into CV during interval ∆t

Developing Control Volume Mass Balance

At time t + ∆t

mcv (t + ∆t)
me
Inlet, i
Exit, e

mtotal = mi + mcv ( t ) = mcv ( t + ∆t ) + me

mcv ( t + ∆t ) − mcv ( t ) = mi − me
Developing Control Volume Mass Balance
Mass balance

Express on rate basis over time interval ∆t, as ∆t goes to zero:

mcv ( t + ∆t ) − mcv ( t ) = mi − me

mcv ( t + ∆t ) − mcv ( t ) mi me
= −
∆t ∆t ∆t

 mcv ( t + ∆t ) − mcv ( t ) mi me 
lim ( ∆t → 0 )  = − 
 ∆t ∆t ∆t 

dmcv
= mi − me
dt
 Multiple Inlets and Exits
Control Volume Boundary
Dashed line defines control volume boundary

Inlets, i
Exits, e
dmcv
= ∑ mi − ∑ me
dt i e
 Conservation of Mass for Control
Volume
 time rate of change of   time rate of flow   time rate of flow 
 mass contained within  =  of mass in across  −  of mass out across 
     
 the control volume at time t   inlet i at time t  exit e at time t 

dm cv • •
= ∑ mi − ∑ m e
dt i e

Suppose ∑m > ∑m
i
i
e
e

What happens to
dmcv
dt In = Stored + Out
Conservation of Mass for Control Volume
 time rate of change of   time rate of flow   time rate of flow 
 mass contained within  =  of mass in across  −  of mass out across 
     
 the control volume at time t  inlet i at time t  exit e at time t 

dm cv • •
= ∑ mi − ∑ m e
dt i e

dmcv
What happens to if:
dt
dmcv
∑m < ∑m
i
i
e
e
dt
<0

∑m = ∑m i e
dmcv
= 0 Steady State
i e
dt
 Evaluating Mass Flow Rate at Ports
amount of mass 
crossing dA during  = ρ V ∆t dA
  ( n )
 the time interval ∆t 
mL  2
3 
tL ∼ m
L t 

instantaneous rate 
of mass flow  = ρV dA
  n

across dA 
mL 2 m
3  L ∼
L t t
Integrate over port area: m = ∫ ρVn dA
A
Forms of Mass Rate Balance
dmcv
= ∑ mi − ∑ me
dt i e

Alternative forms convenient for particular cases:

One-dimensional Flow

Steady State

Integral
 One Dimensional Flow Model
How to handle non-uniform velocity/properties

Actual Two-Dimensional Flow:

V = V(r)

m = ∫ ρVdA = ∫ ρ ( r )V ( r ) [ 2π rdr ]
A A

One-Dimensional Flow Model or Approximation: m = ∫ ρVdA =ρ AV

A

V = constant Note simplifying 2-D to 1-D

 One Dimensional Flow Model

m = ρ AV
1
v=
ρ
AV
m=
v
AV is the Volumetric Flow Rate (e.g. m3/kg)

dmcv AV AeVe
=∑ i i
−∑ = ∑ ρi ( AV
i i ) − ∑ ρ e ( AeVe )
dt i vi e ve i e

Convenient form when Volume Flow Rates known

 Other forms of Conservation of Mass
In many cases, the mass in balances the mass out

Steady-State Flow:

No changes in time

All derivatives with respect to time are zero

0
dmcv
= ∑ mi − ∑ me
dt i e

• •
∑ mi = ∑ me
i e
What goes in, goes out!
Other forms of the Conservation of Mass
Fluid density may vary within the control volume
Fluid velocity and density may vary across flow area

dmcv
= ∑ mi − ∑ me
dt i e

mcv ( t ) = ∫ ρ dV m = ∫ ρVn dA
V
A

Integral Form:

d
dt ∫V
ρ dV = ∑
i
( ∫ ρV dA) −∑ ( ∫ ρV dA)
A
n
i
e
A
n
e
Text Examples

Feedwater Heater at Steady State

Filling a barrel with water

Energy Conservation in Open Systems

• Mass crosses the system boundary, transporting

– Internal thermal energy per unit mass, (u)
– Kinetic energy per unit mass
– Potential energy per unit mass
– Chemical energy in chemical bonds

• Perform Transformation of Control Mass to

Control Volume
Conservation of Energy for Control Volume
Approach similar to Mass
Conservation derivation:
Closed system to open system
Mass balance to rate basis
Below:

Stored = HeatIn – WorkOut +

Net “Mass-Energy” In

 time rate of change   net rate at which   net rate at which   net rate of energy 
 of the energy   energy is being   energy is being   transfer into the 
       
 contained within  =  transferred in  −  transferred out  +  control volume 
       
 the control volume at   by heat transfer   by work   accompanying 
 time t   at time t   at time t   mass flow 
Conservation of Energy for Control Volume

Single Inlet, Single Outlet

 time rate of change   net rate at which   net rate at which   net rate of energy 
 of the energy   energy is being   energy is being   transfer into the 
       
 contained within  =  transferred in  −  transferred out  +  control volume 
       
 the control volume at   by heat transfer   by work   accompanying 
 time t   at time t   at time t   mass flow 

• 
dEcv • • V 2
 •  V 2

= Q − W +  mi  ui + i + gzi − me  ue + e + gze  
dt   2   2  
 
Conservation of Energy for Control Volume

Single Inlet, Single Outlet

• 
dEcv • •  V 2
 •  V 2

= Q − W +  mi  ui + i + gzi − me  ue + e + gze  
dt   2   2  
 

Note: Internal energy, Kinetic energy, Potential energy

associated with fluid flow at inlet & exit
Conservation of Energy for Control Volume
Work term includes flow across
boundary and all other forms

(Work?)

Wshaft

(Work?)

• 
dEcv • •
  Vi 2
 •  Ve2

= Q − W + mi  ui + + gzi − me  ue + + gze 
dt   2   2  
 
 Concept of Flow Work

Fi = PiAi mi
mcv (t)
Inlet, i
Exit, e

Push mass mi into Control Volume

Force through a displacement is Work

Work IN, is done ON system at inlets

 Concept of Flow Work

mcv (t + ∆t)

Fe = PeAe me
Inlet, i
Exit, e

Push mass me out of Control Volume

Force through a displacement is Work

Work OUT, is done BY system at outlets

 Concept of Flow Work Rate

mcv (t + ∆t)
Fe = PeAe me Exit, e
Inlet, i
δW dx
Work Rate: =W = F = FV
δt dt
Work Rate in terms of pressure & velocity

W = FV = ( PA ) V

 time rate of energy transfer 

 by work from the control  = P A V
  ( e e) e
 volume at exit, e 
 Evaluating Rate of Flow Work
Out: W = Wcv + ( Pe Ae ) Ve − ( Pi Ai ) Vi
AV
m = ρ AV or m =
v
( PA)V = m ( Pv )
W = Wcv + me ( Pe ve ) − mi ( Pv
i i)

v is specific volume

Rate of Flow Work & Rate of All other forms of work included
(rotating shafts, displacement of boundary, electrical work, etc.)
Other forms of Conservation of Energy
Single Inlet, Single Outlet

• • • • •
W = Wcv + Flow Work = Wcv + me ( Pe ve ) − mi ( Pv
i i)

Recall: h = u + P⋅v
• 
dEcv • •  V 2
 •  V 2

= Q − W +  mi  ui + i + gzi − me  ue + e + gze  
dt   2   2  
 

Energy Rate Balance:

dEcv • • •  Vi 2  •  Ve2 
= Qcv − Wcv + mi  hi + + gzi  − me  he + + gze 
dt  2   2 
 Multiple Ports
Energy Rate Balance:
dEcv • • •  Vi 2  •  Ve2 
= Qcv − Wcv + ∑ mi  hi + + gzi  − ∑ me  he + + gze 
dt i  2  e  2 

Variations within CV and at boundaries:

 V2 
Ecv ( t ) = ∫ ρ edV = ∫ ρ  u + + gz dV
V V  2 
Integral Form:
d • •   V2     V2  
∫ ρedV = Qcv −Wcv + ∑∫  h + + gz  ρVndA − ∑∫  h + + gz  ρVndA
dt V
i  
A 2  i e  
A 2  e
Analyzing Control Volumes at Steady State

Transient start up and shutdown periods not included here

 Steady-State Forms of Mass and
Energy Rate Balances

Control volume at Steady-State (SS):

• Conditions (states/properties) of mass within CV
and at boundaries do not vary with time
• No change of mass (+ or -) within CV
• Mass flow rates are constant
• Energy transfer rates by heat & work are
constant
 Steady-State Forms of Mass and
Energy Rate Balances
Control volume at Steady-State (SS):
• Conditions (states/properties) of mass within CV & at
boundaries do not vary with time
ρ (x, y, z) P1

time
time
T (x, y, z)
h2

time
time
 Steady-State Forms of Mass and
Energy Rate Balances
Control volume at Steady-State (SS):
• No change of mass (+ or -) within CV

mcv

Yes:

time

No: mcv

time
 Steady-State Forms of Mass and
Energy Rate Balances
Control volume at Steady-State (SS):
• Mass flow rates are constant

me
Yes:

time

No: mi

time
 Steady-State Forms of Mass and
Energy Rate Balances
Control volume at Steady-State (SS):
• Energy transfer rates by heat & work are constant

Qin
Qout
time

Wnet

time
 Steady State
Special case when no changes occur in time
0
• •
dmcv
= ∑ mi − ∑ me ∑m = ∑m i e
dt i e i e

Steady State Flow:

• • •  Vi 2  •  Ve2 
0 = Qcv − Wcv + ∑ mi  hi + + gzi  − ∑ me  he + + gze 
i  2  e  2 

Net Energy Flow In = Net Energy Flow Out

 Vi 2   Ve2 
Qcv + ∑ mi  hi + + gzi  = Wcv + ∑ me  he + + gze 
i  2  e  2 
One Inlet, One Outlet Steady State
Special case when no changes occur in time

mi = me = m

0 = Qcv − Wcv + m ( hi − he ) +
(
Vi 2 − Ve2 ) 
+ g ( zi − ze ) 
 2 

0=
Qcv Wcv
− + ( hi − he ) +
( Vi 2 − Ve2 ) + g (z − z )
i e
m m 2

Note energy DIFFERENCES- Reference cancels out

Modeling Control Volumes at Steady State
Common modeling assumptions- The Art of Engineering

Heat Transfer- can be ignored (adiabatic) when:

• Outer surface is well insulated
• Outer surface too small for significant heat transfer
• Temperature difference between surface and surroundings
so small that heat transfer can be ignored
• Fluid passes through CV so quickly that not enough time
for significant heat transfer to occur
Work Transfer- can be ignored when:

• No rotating shafts, displacements of boundary, electrical

effects or other work mechanisms
Modeling Control Volumes at Steady State
Common modeling assumptions- The Art of Engineering

Kinetic and/or Potential Energy- can be ignored when:

• Are small compared to other energy forms

Steady state may be OK if:

• Properties only fluctuate slightly about average values

• Periodic time variations are observed: time-average

P P

t t
Examples
 Nozzles and Diffusers

m = ρ AV

m = ρ AV
m1 = ρ1 AV
1 1 = m2 = ρ 2 A2V2

State & Process Information Needed

to Determine Pressures, etc
 Steady Flow Devices
Nozzles and Diffusers

Photo courtesy of NASA Ames

AME Windtunnels
AME Windtunnels

Low-Speed Closed Return

Wind Tunnel Facility
Nozzle & Diffuser Steady Flow Analysis

dmcv
Nozzles and Diffusers = m1 − m2
dt
dmcv
=0
2 3 dt
1
m1 = m2 = m

dEcv  Vi 2   Ve2 
= 0 = Qcv − Wcv + m1  hi + + gzi  − m2  he + + gze 
dt  2   2 

Qcv  V12 − V22  Qcv

0= + ( h1 − h2 ) +   m
Often negligible
m  2 
Nozzles and Diffusers

Common Form of 1st Law:

 V12 − V22 
0 = ( h1 − h2 ) +  
 2 
Text Example

Calculate Exit Area of a Steam Nozzle

 Turbines
1100kW Helicopter Engine 50 watt Microturbine

Photo courtesy of M.I.T. Microturbine lab

Photo courtesy of U.S. Military Academy

Turbine schematics courtesy of

www.howstuffworks.com
 Steam and Gas Turbines
Axial flow steam of gas turbine

Common Form of 1st Law:

•
W  V12 − V22 
•
= ( h1 − h2 ) +   + g ( z1 − z2 )
m  2 

Single Inlet, Single Outlet

Heat transfer is often small and neglected.
∆KE & ∆PE often small and neglected
Work produced is equal to enthalpy difference
•
W
w= •
= ( h1 − h2 )
m
 Hydraulic Turbine in a Dam

Common Form of 1st Law:

•
W  V12 − V22 
•
= ( h1 − h2 ) +   + g ( z1 − z2 )
m  2 

Heat transfer is small and neglected.

Work produced is associated primarily with change in PE
Text Example

Calculate Heat Transfer from a Steam Turbine

 Compressors and Pumps

Compressors are devices where work is done on a GAS

to raise pressure, change state

Pumps are devices where work is done on a LIQUID

to raise pressure, change state
 Compressors and Pumps

Reciprocating compressor

Rotating compressors
Common Form of 1st Law:
•
W  V12 − V22 
•
= ( h1 − h2 ) +   + g ( z1 − z2 ) [W<0]
m  2 
Text Example

Calculate Compressor Power

Power Washer
 Heat Exchangers

Heat exchangers are devices that exchange thermal

energy between fluids at different temperatures by heat
transfer, Q

Work, changes in KE and PE are not usually important

Changes in enthalpy are important

Balance is between Q and changes in enthalpy

 Heat Exchangers

Tube-within-
a-tube
Direct Contact counterflow

Tube-within-
a-tube Cross-flow
parallel flow

Common Form of 1st Law:

•  Vi 2  •  Ve2 
∑i mi  hi + 2 + gzi  = ∑e me  he + 2 + gze 
   
Text Example

Power plant condenser

Cooling computer components

 Throttling Devices

These are devices designed to reduce the pressure

of a fluid (gas or liquid)

•  Vi 2  •  Ve2 
∑i mi  hi + 2 + gzi  = ∑e me  he + 2 + gze 
   
 Throttling Devices
Common Form of 1st Law: hi = he

Work = 0

Adiabatic assumption often reasonable (why?)

Changes in KE and PE are not usually important (why not?)

Single inlet, single outlet implies enthalpy balance

Text Example

Measuring steam quality

 System Integration

Engineers creatively combine/integrate components

into systems to achieve overall objective, subject
to constraints such as cost, weight, pollution

Example of simple power plant given:

(Turbine/generator, condenser, pump, boiler)
Text Example

Waste heat recovery system

 Transient (Unsteady) Analysis

• Many devices undergo periods of transient

operation in which state changes with time.
• Examples include startup and shutdown of
turbines, compressors, and motors.
• Filling and emptying vessels are other examples

• Steady state assumptions not valid

• Special care in applying mass and energy analyses
 Transient Mass Balance
dmcv
Recall that: = ∑ mi − ∑ me
dt i e

Integrate mass balance from t = 0 to final time, t:

t t t
 dmcv     
∫0  dt dt = ∫ ∑ i 
m dt − ∫  ∑ e dt
m
 0 i  0 e 

mcv ( t ) − mcv ( 0 ) = ∑
i
( ∫ m dt ) − ∑ ( ∫ m dt )
t

0
i
e
t

0
e
 Transient Mass Balance
t t t
 dmcv     
∫0  dt  = ∫  ∑ mi dt − ∫  ∑ me dt
 0 i  0 e 

mcv ( t ) − mcv ( 0 ) = ∑
i
( ∫ m dt ) − ∑ ( ∫ m dt )
t

0
i
e
t

0
e

amount of mass
t entering the control

mi = ∫ mi dt 
 volume through inlet i,
0
mcv ( t ) − mcv ( 0 ) = ∑ mi − ∑ me
from time 0 to t

amount of mass i e
t exiting the control

me = ∫ me dt 
 volume through exit e,
Change of mass in CV = Total mass
going IN minus Total mass going OUT
0 from time 0 to t
 Transient Energy Balance
Ignore KE and PE and Integrate this wrt time:

dEcv • • •  Vi 2  •  Ve2 
= Qcv − Wcv + ∑ mi  hi + + gzi  − ∑ me  he + + gze 
dt i  2  e  2 

t  t 
U cv ( t ) − U cv ( 0 ) = Qcv − Wcv + ∑  ∫ mi hi dt  − ∑  ∫ me he dt 
0  i 0 
i
   
For special case where states at inlet & outlets are constant with time:

t t t t

∫ m h dt = h ∫ m dt = h m
i i i i i i ∫ m h dt = h ∫ m dt = h m
0
e e e
0
e e e
0 0

U cv ( t ) − U cv ( 0 ) = Qcv − Wcv + ∑ mi hi − ∑ me he
i e
Another special case where intensive properties within CV
are uniform with position at each instant:

Vcv ( t )
mcv ( t ) =
v (t )

U cv ( t ) = mcv ( t ) u ( t )
Text Examples

Withdrawing steam from tank at constant pressure

Using Steam for Emergency Power Generation (new)

Storing compressed air in a tank

Temperature variation in a well-stirred tank

END