

Finite Control Volume Analysis

Application of Reynolds Transport Theorem

CEE 331
April 10, 2020

School of Civil and

Monroe L. Weber-Shirk Environmental Engineering
Moving from a System to a
Control Volume
Mass
Linear Momentum
Moment of Momentum
Energy
Putting it all together!
 Conservation of Mass

B = Total amount of ____

mass in the system
b = ____ 1
mass per unit mass = __

DBsys 
Dt

t   bdV
cv
   bV  n
cs
ˆ dA cv equation

DM sys ¶
= òr dV +òr V ×
nˆ dA But DMsys/Dt = 0!
Dt ¶t cv cs

¶ Continuity Equation
ò
cs
r V×
nˆ dA =- ò
¶t cv
r dV

mass leaving - mass entering = - rate of increase of mass in cv

 Conservation of Mass

¶ If mass in cv 2
ò r V×
nˆ dA =- ò
¶t cv
r dV is constant 1
cs n̂
V1
òr
cs1
1 V1 ×
nˆ 1dA + òr 2 V2 ×
cs2
nˆ 2 dA =0 A1

Unit vector n̂ is ______

normal
òr V ×nˆ dA =±r VA = ±m [M/T]
cs
to surface and pointed
____
out of cv
 on
We assumed uniform ___
òV ×nˆ dA the control surface
V = cs
A V is the spatially averaged
velocity normal to the cs
 Continuity Equation for Constant
Density and Uniform Velocity
òr
cs1
1 V1 ×
nˆ 1dA + òr 2 V2 ×
cs2
nˆ 2 dA =0 Density is constant across cs

- r 1V 1 A1 +r 2 V 2 A2 =0 Density is the same at cs1 and cs2

V 1 A1 =V 2 A2 =Q [L3/T]

V1 A1 =V2 A2 =Q Simple version of the continuity equation

for conditions of constant density. It is
understood that the velocities are either
________
uniform or _______
spatially ________.
averaged
 Example: Conservation of Mass?
The flow out of a reservoir is 2 L/s.
The reservoir surface is 5 m x 5 m.
How fast is the reservoir surface
h
dropping?
¶
ò
cs
r V × n
ˆ dA =- ò
¶t cv
r dV

¶V
ò
cs
V× nˆ dA =-
¶t
Constant density
dV
Qout - Qin =- Velocity of the reservoir surface
dt
Ares dh dh Q
Qout   
dt dt Ares
Example
 Linear Momentum Equation

DBsys ¶ F  0
= òr bdV +òr bV ×
nˆ dA cv equation
Dt ¶t cv cs

mV
B  mV momentum b momentum/unit mass
m
Vectors!
DmV 
Dt

t   VdV
cv
  V V  n
cs
ˆ dA

DmV Steady state

Dt
  V V  nˆ dA
cs

This is the “ma” side of the F = ma equation!

 Linear Momentum Equation
DmV
=òVr V ×
nˆ dA
Dt cs

DmV
= òV1 r 1V1 ×
nˆ 1dA + òV2 r 2 V2 ×
nˆ 2 dA
Dt cs1 cs2
Assumptions
DmV
=- ( r 1V1 A1 ) V1 +( r 2V2 A2 ) V2 Uniform density
Dt
Uniform velocity
M1   1V1 A1  V1   Q  V1 V  A
M 2    2V2 A2  V2   Q  V2 Steady
 V fluid velocity
Vectors!!!
relative to cv
 Steady Control Volume Form of
Newton’s Second Law
D ( mV )
å F=
Dt
=M1 +M 2

 What are the forces acting on

the fluid in the control volume?
Gravity
Shear at the walls F  M 1  M2
Pressure at the walls
Pressure on the ends
å F =W+F p1 +Fp2 +Fpwall +Ft wall

Why no shear on control surfaces? No

_______________________________
velocity tangent to control surface
 Resultant Force on the Solid
Surfaces
 The shear forces on the walls and the pressure
forces on the walls are generally the unknowns
 Often the problem is to calculate the total force
exerted by the fluid on the solid surfaces
 The magnitude and direction of the force
determines
size of _____________needed
thrust blocks to keep
pipe in place
force on the vane of a pump or turbine...
Fss  Fp  F
å F =W+F p1 +Fp2 +Fss wall wall

=force applied by solid surfaces

 Linear Momentum Equation
å F =W+F p1 +Fp2 +Fss Fp 2
ma =M1 +M 2 M2
M1 +M 2 =W+Fp1 +Fp2 +Fss
Fss x

Forces by solid surfaces on fluid

The momentum vectors

have the same direction
as the velocity vectors
M1 M1 =- ( r Q ) V1
Fss
Fp 1
W y M 2 =( r Q ) V2
 Example: Reducing Elbow
2
Reducing elbow in vertical plane with water flow
of 300 L/s. The volume of water in the elbow is 200 1m
L. 1
Energy loss is negligible.
-1961
Calculate theNforce
↑ of the elbow on the fluid.
W = _________ M1 +M 2 =W+Fp1 +Fp2 +Fss
section 1 section 2
D 0.196
50 cmm2 0.071
30 cmm2 z
A 1.53 m/s ↑ _________
_________ 4.23 m/s →
V _________ _________ ?
p -459 N ↑ 1269
150 kPa N → Direction of V vectors
_________ x
M 29,400
_________ ?←
N ↑ _________
 Example: What is p2?

p1 V12 p2 V22
+z1 + = +z2 +
g1 2 g g2 2g

é V12 V22 ù
p2 = p1 +g êz1 - z2 + -
ë 2g 2g ú û

p2 =( 150 x 103 Pa ) +( 9810 N/m3 )

é ( 1.53 m/s )
2
( 4.23 m/s ) ù
2

ê0 - 1 m + - 2 ú
ê
ë 2 ( 9.8 m/s 2
) (2 9.8 m/s )úû

P2 = 132 kPa Fp2 = 9400 N

 Example: Reducing Elbow
Horizontal Forces
M1 +M 2 =W +Fp1 +Fp2 +Fss
2 Fp 2

Fss =M1 +M 2 - W - Fp1 - Fp2

M2
Fssx =M 1x +M 2 x - Wx - Fp1x - Fp2 x 1

Fss x  M 2 x  Fp2 x
z
Fssx =( 1269 N ) - ( -9400 N )

Fssx =10.7kN Force of pipe on fluid x

Fluid is pushing the pipe to the ______
left
 Example: Reducing Elbow
Vertical Forces
Fssz =M 1z +M 2 z - Wz - Fp1z - Fp2 z 2

Fssz =M 1z - Wz - Fp1z W
1
Fp 1
M1
Fssz =- 459N - ( - 1, 961N ) - ( 29,400N )

z
Fssz =- 27.9kN 28 kN acting downward on fluid

up
Pipe wants to move _________ x
 Example: Fire nozzle

A small fire nozzle is used to create a

powerful jet to reach far into a blaze. Estimate
the force that the water exerts on the fire
nozzle. The pressure at section 1 is 1000 kPa
(gage). Ignore frictional losses in the nozzle.

8 cm 2.5 cm
 Example: Momentum with
Complex Geometry
Find Q2, Q3 and force on the 2
wedge in a horizontal plane. cs2
Q1  10 L/s V1  20 m/s y
Fy  0

 1  10  2  130  3  50 x

cs1
  1000 kg / m3
cs3
1
3

Q2, Q3, V2, V3, Fx

Unknown: ________________
 5 Unknowns: Need 5 Equations

Identify the 5 equations! Unknowns: Q2, Q3, V2, V3, Fx

Continuity Q1  Q2  Q3
Bernoulli (2x)
p1 V12 p2 V22 2
+z1 + = +z2 +
g1 2 g g2 2g cs2 y
V1  V2
x
V1  V3 cs1
Momentum (in x and y) 1
cs3 3
M1 +M 2 +M 3 =W +Fp1 +Fp2 +Fp3 +Fss
 Solve for Q2 and Q3

M1 +M 2 +M 3 =W +Fp1 +Fp2 +Fp3 +Fss atmospheric pressure

Fy  0  M1 y  M 2 y  M 3 y M1 =- ( r Q ) V1

0   Q1V1 sin  1  Q2V2 sin  2  Q3V3 sin  3

V sin   Component of velocity in y direction

y
Q1  Q2  Q3 Mass conservation
 x
V1  V2  V3 Negligible losses – apply Bernoulli
 Solve for Q2 and Q3
0   QV
1 1 sin  1  Q2V2 sin  2  Q3V3 sin  3 Eliminate Q3
0   Q1 sin  1  Q2 sin  2  Q3 sin  3 Q3  Q1  Q2

a sin  sin f Q2  6.133 L / s

Q Q
a sin  sin f
1 3
2 1
2 3

 sinaf
10  sina
50f
 sina
130f sina50f
Q Q
2 1

Why is Q2 greater than Q3?

m 1V1 y =m 2V2 y +m 3V3 Q3  3.867 L / s
 Solve for Fx

Fx  M1x  M 2 x  M 3 x

Fx   Q1V1 cos 1  Q2V1 cos 2  Q3V1 cos 3

Fx  V1  Q1 cos 1  Q2 cos 2  Q3 cos 3

L
c
M cosaf
0.01 m / sh 3
10 O
P
F c a20 m / sfM
1000 kg / m h 3
c0.006133 m / shcosa
130fP
3
x
M
c
M 0.003867 m / shcosa
P
50fP
N 3
Q
Fx  226 N Force of wedge on fluid
 Vector solution
M1  M 2  M 3  Fss

M1   Q1V1  200N

M 2  Q2V2  122.66N

M 3  Q3V3  77.34N
Q2  10 L / s
Q2  6.133L / s
Q3  3.867 L / s
 Vector Addition
M1  M 2  M 3  Fss
2
Fss cs2
M3 y
M2
M1 x
cs1
cs3
1
3

Where is the line of action of Fss?

 Moment of Momentum Equation

DBsys ¶
= òr bdV +òr bV ×
nˆ dA cv equation
Dt ¶t cv cs

B =mr × V Moment of momentum

mr × V
b= Moment of momentum/unit mass
m
D ( mr × V ) ¶
= òr r × VdV +òr ( r × V ) ( V ×
nˆ ) dA
Dt ¶t cv cs

T =òr ( r × V ) ( V ×
nˆ ) dA Steady state
cs
 Application to Turbomachinery
rVt Vn
T =òr ( r × V ) ( V ×
nˆ ) dA
cs
Vn
Vt

r2 cs1 cs2
r1

Tz =r Q [ ( r2 × V2 ) - ( r1 × V1 ) ]
 Example: Sprinkler
cs2 T =r Q [ ( r × V ) - ( r × V ) ]
vt
 z 2 2 1 1

 - 0.1w2 =r Qr2Vt2
10 cm
Q jet
Vt2 =- sin θ +wr2
A jet
Total flow is 1 L/s.
Jet diameter is 0.5 cm. - 0.1w2 =r Qr æ - 4Q / 2 ö
sin θ + w r
Friction exerts a torque of
2
è p d 2 2
ø
0.1 N-m-s2 2. 2 2 2 2
0.1w +r Qr2 w - r Q r2 sin θ =0
 = 30º. pd 2

Find the speed of rotation.

Vt and Vn are defined relative to control surfaces.
 Example: Sprinkler
2
0.1 2  Qr22  Q 2 r2 sin θ  0
d 2

b b 2  4ac
a = 0.1Nms2 
2a
b =r Qr22 b = (1000 kg/m3)(0.001 m3/s) (0.1 m) 2 = 0.01 Nms
2 2
c =- r Q r2 2
sin θ
pd
c = -(1000 kg/m3)(0.001 m3/s)2(0.1m)(2sin30)/3.14/(0.005 m)2
c = -1.27 Nm = 127/s
What is  if there is no friction? ___________

= 3.5/s 
What is Vt if there is no friction ?__________
= 34 rpm
Reflections
 Energy Equation

DBsys ¶
= òr bdV +òr bV ×
nˆ dA cv equation
Dt ¶t cv cs

DE ¶
= òr edV +òr eV ×
nˆ dA What is DE/Dt for a system?
Dt ¶t cv cs

First law of thermodynamics: The heat QH added to a system plus

the work W done on the system equals the change in total energy
E of the system.
Qnet +Wnet =E2 - E1 W ò nˆ dA
 pr =- pV ×
cs
in in
DE
Wnet =Wpr +Wshaft
in Dt
=Q
 net +W
in
 shaft -
òpV ×nˆ dA
cs
 dE/dt for our System?
p  h
F  pA
W  pr =- FV
W pr   pVA
Pressure work
DE
DE    pV  n
ˆ dA
Dt
=Q
 net +W
in
 shaft -
òpV ×nˆ dA
cs
Dt cs

Shaft work
DE
=W  shaft
Dt
DE
Heat transfer =Q
 net
Dt in
 General Energy Equation
1st Law of Thermo cv equation
DE ¶
Dt
=Q
 net +W
in
 shaft -
ò
cs
pV ×
nˆ dA = òr edV +òr eV ×
¶t cv cs
nˆ dA

  p 
Qnet  Wshaft 

in


t cv
e  d    
cs 

 e 

V  n
ˆ dA
z
V2 
e =gz + +u
2

Total Potential Kinetic Internal (molecular

spacing and forces)
 Simplify the Energy Equation
q net m
wshaft m
in
0 Steady
¶ æp ö
Qnet +Wshaft = òe r d " +òç +e÷r V ×
  nˆ dA
in ¶t cv èr ø
cs
V2 
e =gz + +u
2 2
æ ö æ p V  ö
ç q
è in net
+ wshaft ÷
ø
m = ò
cs
ç
èr
+gz +
2
+u ÷
ø
r V× n
ˆ dA
Assume...
p
 gz  c Hydrostatic pressure distribution at cs

ŭ is uniform over cs
not uniform over control surface!
But V is often ____________
 Energy Equation: Kinetic Energy
Term
r V A V = point velocity
3
æV2ö
ò
cs
ç ÷
è2 ø
r V×
nˆ dA =a
2 V = average velocity over cs

æV3ö If V tangent to n
ò ç ÷
è2 ø
r dA
a = cs
3
rV A
2
1 æ V3ö  = kinetic energy correction term
_________________________
a = òç 3 ÷dA
A cs èV ø
 =___
1 for uniform velocity
 Energy Equation: steady, one-
dimensional, constant density
æ ö æp V2 ö
çq net +wshaft ÷m =òç +gz + +u ÷r V ×
nˆ dA
è in ø cs
èr 2 ø

òr V ×nˆ dA =m
cs
mass flux rate

æ ö éæpout 2
Vout  ö æpin Vin2  öù
çq +wshaft ÷m =êç +gz +a +u -
out ÷ ç +gz +a +uin ÷úm
è innet ø ëè r out
2 ø è r in
2 øû

pin Vin2  pout 2

Vout 
+gzin +a in +uin +q net +wshaft = +gzout +a out +uout
r 2 in r 2
 Energy Equation: steady, one-
dimensional, constant density
pin Vin2  pout 2
Vout 
+gzin +a in +uin +q net +wshaft = +gzout +a out +uout
r 2 in r 2
divide by g
 
u - u in - q net
pin Vin2 wshaft p 2
Vout out
+zin +a in + = out +zout +a out + in

g 2g g g 2g g

mechanical thermal
 
wshaft uout - uin - q net
=hhPP - hT Lost mechanical
g
in
=hL
g energy
pin Vin2 pout 2
Vout
+zin +a in +hP = +zout +a out +hT +hL
g 2g g 2g
 Thermal Components of the
Energy Equation
V2 
e =gz + +u
2

u =cvT @c pT For incompressible liquids
 
uout - uin - q net
Water specific heat = 4184 J/(kg*K)
in
=hL
g

Change in temperature
c p ( Tout - Tin ) - q net Heat transferred to fluid
in
=hL
g Example
 Example: Energy Equation
(energy loss)
An irrigation pump lifts 50 L/s of water from a reservoir and
discharges it into a farmer’s irrigation channel. The pump
supplies a total head of 10 m. How much mechanical energy
is lost? What is hL? cs2
4m
2.4 m
2m
cs1
datum
Why can’t I draw the cs at the end of the pipe?
pin Vin2 pout 2
Vout
+zin +a in +hP = +zout +a out +hT +hL
g 2g g 2g

hp =zout +hL hL =hp - zout hL = 10 m - 4 m

 Example: Energy Equation
(pressure at pump outlet)
The total pipe length is 50 m and is 20 cm in diameter. The
pipe length to the pump is 12 m. What is the pressure in the
pipe at the pump outlet? You may assume (for now) that the
only losses are frictional losses in the pipeline. 50 L/s
hP = 10 m
cs2 4m
2.4 m
2m
cs1
0 0 0 datum 0

/ / / /
pin Vin2 pout 2
Vout
+zin +a in +hP = +zout +a out +hT +hL
g 2g g 2g
We need _______ in the pipe, , and ____ ____.
velocity  head loss
 Example: Energy Equation
(pressure at pump outlet)
 How do we get the velocity in the pipe?
Q = VA A = d2/4 V = 4Q/( d2)
V = 4(0.05 m3/s)/[ 0.2 m)2] = 1.6 m/s
 How do we get the frictional losses?
Expect losses to be proportional to length of the pipe
hl = (6 m)(12 m)/(50 m) = 1.44 m
 What about ?
Kinetic Energy Correction Term: 3
1 æV ö
 a = òç ÷dA
A èV ø cs
3

  is a function of the velocity distribution in

the pipe.
 For a uniform velocity distribution  ____
is 1
 For laminar flow ______
 is 2
 For turbulent flow _____________
1.01 <  < 1.10
Often neglected in calculations because it is so
close to 1
 Example: Energy Equation
(pressure at pump outlet)
V = 1.6 m/s pout 2
Vout
 = 1.05 hP = +zout +a out +hL
g 2g
hL = 1.44 m
50 L/s
hP = 10 m 4m
2.4 m
2m

datum
2
æ Vout ö
pout =g çhP - zout - a out - hL ÷
è 2g ø
 (1.6 m/s) 2

p2  (9810 N/m ) (10 m)  (2.4 m)  (1.05)
3
2
 (1.44 m) = 59.1 kPa
 2(9.81 m/s ) 
 Example: Energy Equation
(Hydraulic Grade Line - HGL)
 We would like to know if there are any
places in the pipeline where the pressure is
too high (_________)
pipe burst or too low (water
might boil - cavitation).
 Plot the pressure as piezometric head
(height water would rise to in a piezometer)
 How?
 Example: Energy Equation
(Energy Grade Line - EGL)
p = 59 kPa
Loss due to shear
HP = 10 m 2
Exit loss
p V
Entrance loss +a
g 2g 50 L/s
4m
2.4 m
2m

datum
What is the pressure at the pump intake?
pin Vin2 pout 2
Vout
+zin +a in +hP = +zout +a out +hT +hL
g 2g g 2g
 Energy Grade Line Hydraulic Grade Line
EGL (or TEL) and HGL
p V2 p
EGL   z  HGL  z
 2g 

Piezometric
Elevation head velocity head
(w.r.t. datum) head
Pressure head (w.r.t.
reference pressure)
What is the difference between EGL defined by Bernoulli
and EGL defined here?
 EGL (or TEL) and HGL

 The energy grade line may never be horizontal or slope

upward (in direction of flow) unless energy is added
pump
(______)
 The decrease in total energy represents the head loss or
energy dissipation per unit weight
coincident
 EGL and HGL are ____________and lie at the free surface
for water at rest (reservoir)
 Whenever the HGL falls below the point in the system for
which it is plotted, the local pressures are lower than the
reference pressure
__________________
 Example HGL and EGL
V2
velocity head 
2g
p
pressure head

energy grade line
hydraulic grade line

z elevation
pump
z=0 datum
2 2
pin V p V
+zin +a inin
+hP = out +zout +a out out +hT +hL
g 2g g 2g
 Bernoulli vs. Control Volume
Conservation of Energy
Find the velocity and flow. How would you solve these two
problems?

pipe Free jet

 Bernoulli vs. Control Volume
Conservation of Energy
p1 v12 p2 v22 Vin2 2

 z1    z2  pin
+zin +a in +hP =
pout
+zout +a out
Vout
+hT +hL
 2g  2g g 2g g 2g

Point to point along streamline Control surface to control surface

No frictional losses Has a term for frictional losses

Based on point velocity Based on average velocity

Requires kinetic energy
correction factor
Includes shaft work
Has direction!
 Power and Efficiencies
P = FV
 Electrical power Motor losses
Pelectric  EI
bearing losses
 Shaft power
Pshaft  T
 Impeller power
pump losses
Pimpeller  T
 Fluid power
Pwater  QHp Prove this!
 Example: Hydroplant
Water power = ?
Overall efficiency = ?
efficiency of turbine = ?
efficiency of generator = ?
50 m
2100 kW

Q = 5 m3
/s
116 kN·m

180 rpm

solution
pin Vin2 pout 2
Vout
+zin +a in +hP = +zout +a out +hT +hL
g 2g g 2g
Energy Equation Review

 Control Volume equation

 Simplifications
 steady
 constant density
 hydrostatic pressure distribution across control surface
(cs normal to streamlines)
 Direction of flow matters (in vs. out)
 We don’t know how to predict head loss
 Conservation of Energy,
Momentum, and Mass
 Most problems in fluids require the use of
more than one conservation law to obtain a
solution
 Often a simplifying assumption is required
to obtain a solution
mechanical
to heat over a short
neglect energy losses (_______)
distance with no flow expansion
neglect shear forces on the solid surface over a
short distance
pin Vin2 pout 2
Vout
+zin +a in +hP = +zout +a out +hT +hL
g 2g g 2g
Head Loss: Minor Losses
 Head (or energy) loss due to:
outlets, inlets, bends, elbows, valves, pipe
size changes
 Losses due to expansions are ________
greater than
losses due to contractions When V, KE  thermal
 Losses can be minimized by gradual
transitions
V2
 Losses are expressed in the form hL =K L 2 g
where KL is the loss coefficient
 Head Loss due to Sudden Expansion:
Conservation of Energy z
x

in out
At centroid of control surface
Where is p measured?___________________________
pin Vin2 pout 2
Vout
+zin +a in +hP = +zout +a out +hT +hL
g 2g g 2g
2
pin - pout Vout - Vin2
= +hL zin = zout
g 2g

pin - pout Vin2 - Vout

2
Relate Vin and Vout? Mass
hL = +
g 2g Relate pin and pout? Momentum
 Head Loss due to Sudden Expansion:
Conservation of Momentum

A2
A1
x 1 2

M1  M 2  W  Fp  Fp  Fss Apply in direction of flow

1 2

M 1 x  M 2 x  Fp  Fp
1x 2x
Neglect surface shear
M 1x =- r Vin2 Ain 2
M 2 x =r Vout Aout Pressure is applied over all of
section 1.
- r Vin2 Ain +r Vout
2
Aout = pin Aout - pout Aout Momentum is transferred over
area corresponding to upstream
2 A pipe diameter.
Vout - Vin2 in Vin is velocity upstream.
pin - pout Aout
= Divide by (Aout )
g g
 Head Loss due to
Sudden Expansion
pin - pout Vin2 - Vout
2 Ain Vout
Energy hL = + Mass A =
g 2g out Vin
2 2 Ain
Vout - Vin
Momentum pin - pout = Aout
g g
2 2 Vout
2 out 2 in
V - V 2
Vout - 2VinVout +Vin2
Vin Vin2 - Vout
2
hL =
hL = + 2g
2g 2g
2 2

( Vin - Vout )
2 V æ Ain ö K =æ
2
1-
Ain ö
hl = hl =in
ç1- ÷ L ç ÷
2g è Aout ø è Aout ø
2g
KL=1
Discharge into a reservoir?_________
 Example: Losses due to Sudden
Expansion in a Pipe (Teams!)
 A flow expansion discharges 2.4 L/s
directly into the air. Calculate the pressure
immediately upstream from the expansion
1 cm 3 cm

We can solve this using either the momentum equation

or the energy equation (with the appropriate term for the
energy losses)! 0.0024m3 / s
Use the momentum equation…
V1 

a f
0.01m
2  30.56m / s

4
V2  3.39m / s Solution
 Summary

 Control volumes should be drawn so that

the surfaces are either tangent (no flow) or
normal (flow) to streamlines.
 In order to solve a problem the flow
surfaces need to be at locations where all
but 1 or 2 of the energy terms are known
 When possible choose a frame of
reference so the flows are steady
 Summary

 Control volume equation: Required to make

the switch from Lagrangian to Eulerian
 Any conservative property can be evaluated
using the control volume equation
mass, energy, momentum, concentrations of
species
 Many problems require the use of several
conservation laws to obtain a solution

end
 Scoop

 A scoop attached to a locomotive is used to lift water from a

stationary water tank next to the train tracks into a water tank on the
train. The scoop pipe is 10 cm in diameter and elevates the water 3 m.
 Draw several streamlines in the left half of the stationary water tank
(use the scoop as your frame of reference) including the streamlines
that attach to the submerged horizontal section of the scoop.
 Use the streamlines to help you draw a control volume and clearly
label the control surfaces.
 How fast must the locomotive be moving (Vscoop) to get a flow of 4
L/s if the frictional losses in the pipe are equal to 1.8 V2/2g where V
is the average velocity of the water in the pipe. (Vscoop = 7.7 m/s)
 Scoop

Q = 4 L/s

d = 10 cm
3m
Vscoop

stationary water tank

 Scoop Problem

stationary water tank

 Scoop Problem:
Change your Perspective

moving water tank

 Scoop Problem:
Be an Extremist!
Very long riser tube

Very short riser tube

 Scoop Problem:
‘The Real Scoop’
pin Vin2 pout 2
Vout
+zin +a in +hP = +zout +a out +hT +hL
g 2g g 2g
p1 V12 p2 V22
+z1 + = +z2 +
g 2g g 2g

moving water tank

 Example: Conservation of Mass
(Team Work)
 The flow through the orifice is a function of the depth
of water in the reservoir Q =CAor 2gh
 Find the time for the reservoir level to drop from 10 cm
to 5 cm. The reservoir surface is 15 cm x 15 cm. The
orifice is 2 mm in diameter and is 2 cm off the bottom
of the reservoir. The orifice coefficient is 0.6.
 CV with constant or changing mass.
 Draw CV, label CS, solve using variables starting with
¶ to integration step
òr V ×nˆ dA =-
cs
¶t ò
cv
r dV
 Example Conservation of Mass
Constant Volume
¶
òr V ×nˆ dA =-
cs
ò
¶t cv
r dV
cs1 h
òr
cs1
1 V1 ×
nˆ 1dA + òr 2 V2 ×
cs2
nˆ 2 dA =0

cs2
 Vres Ares  Vor Aor  0 Vor Aor  Qor

 dh
Vres 
dt
dh
Ares  CAor 2 gh  0
dt
 Example Conservation of Mass
Changing Volume
¶
òr V ×nˆ dA =-
cs
ò
¶t cv
r dV
cs1 h
¶
Vor Aor =- ò
¶t cv
dV

cs2
dV A dh
Vor Aor =- =- res
dt dt

Vor Aor  Qor

dh
Ares  CAor 2 gh  0
dt
 Example Conservation of Mass
h t
 Ares dh
CAor 2g

h0 h
  dt
0

 Ares

2 h1 / 2  h01 / 2  t 
CAor 2g

- 2 ( 0.15m )
2

æp ( 0.002m ) ö
2 ( ( 0.03m ) 1/ 2
- ( 0.08 m ) 1/ 2
) =t
( 0.6) ç
è 4 ÷
ø
2 ( 9.8 m / s 2
)

t  591s
 Pump Head
2
Vout
pin Vin2 a out
+zin +a in +hP = 2g
g 2g
2
pout Vout
+zout +a out +hT +hL
g 2g
hp

Vin2
a in
2g
Example: Venturi
 Example: Venturi
Find the flow (Q) given the pressure drop between section 1 and
2 and the diameters of the two sections. Draw an appropriate
control volume. You may assume the head loss is negligible.
Draw the EGL and the HGL.

h

1 2
 Example Venturi
pin Vin2 pout 2
Vout
+zin +a in +hP = +zout +a out +hT +hL
g 2g g 2g
2 Q  VA
pin pout Vout Vin2
- = -
g g 2g 2g Vin Ain =Vout Aout

é 4 p d in2 2
p d out
pin p V 2
æd out ö ù Vin =Vout
- out = ê1 - ç
out
÷ ú 4 4
g g 2g ê
ë è d in ø ú
û
Vin d in2 =Vout d out
2

2 g ( pin - pout )
Vout = 2
d out
ë ( out in ) û
4
gé1 - d d ù Vin =Vout
d in2
2 g ( pin - pout )
Q =Cv Aout
gé
ë1 - ( d out d in ) 4
ù
û
 Fire nozzle: Team Work

Identify what you need to know

P2, V1, V2, Q, M1, M2, Fss

Determine what equations you will use

Bernoulli, continuity, momentum

8 cm
2.5 cm
1000 kPa
 Find the Velocities

p1 V12 p2 V22
+z1 + = +z2 +
g 2g g 2g

p1 V12 V22
+ = V1 D12 =V2 D22
g 2g 2g
4
æD2 ö
p1 V V2 2
V ç ÷ =V12
2
2

= - 2 1
èD1 ø
g 2g 2g

2æ 4
æD2 ö ö 2 p1
V V2 =
p1 =r 2
ç1- ç ÷÷ é æD2 ö4 ù
2 è èD1 ø ø r ê1 - ç ÷ ú
ë èD1 ø ú
ê û
 Fire nozzle: Solution
section 1 section 2 8 cm
2.5 cm
D 0.08 0.025 m 1000 kPa
2
A 0.00503 0.00049 m Which direction does the
P 1000000 0 Pa nozzle want to go? ______
V 4.39 44.94 m/s Is this the force that the
Fp 5027 N firefighters need to brace
NO!
against? _______
M -96.8 991.2 N
Fssx -4132 N force applied by nozzle on water
Q 22.1 L/s
Fssx =M 1x +M 2 x - Wx - Fp1x - Fp2 x
 Reflections

 What is the name of the equation that we used to move

from a system (Lagrangian) view to the control volume
(Eulerian) view?
 Explain the analogy to your checking account.
 The velocities in the linear momentum equation are
relative to …?
 Why is ma non-zero for a fixed control volume?
 Under what conditions could you generate power from
a rotating sprinkler?
 What questions do you have about application of the
linear momentum and momentum of momentum
equations?
 Temperature Rise over
Taughanock Falls
 Drop of 50 meters
 Find the temperature rise
c p ( Tout - Tin ) - q
net
in
=hL
g
ghL +q net
DT = in

cp

T 
 9.8 m/s  50 m 
2

 J  T  0.117 K
 4184 
 Kg  K 
 
 Hydropower

P =gQH p

Pwater =( 9806 N / m3 ) ( 5m3 / s ) ( 50m ) =2.45MW

2.100 MW
etotal = =0.857
2.45MW
æ rev 2p rad 1min ö
Pturbine =( 0.116 MNm ) 180 =2.187 MW
è min rev 60 s ø
2.187 MW
eturbine = =0.893
2.45MW
2.100 MW
egenerator = =0.96
2.187 MW
 Solution: Losses due to Sudden
Expansion in a Pipe
 A flow expansion discharges 2.4 L/s directly into the air.
Calculate the pressure immediately upstream from the
expansion
A 1 cm
V22  V12 1
p1  p2 A2
 3 cm
 g 3
0.0024m / s
p1 V2  V1V2

2 A1 V
 2
V1 

a f
0.01m
2  30.56m / s

 g A2 V1 4
c h
p1   V22  V1V2 V  3.39m / s
2

p a
1000kg / sfa
d3.39m / sf  a30.56m / sfa3.39m / sfi
2
1

p1  92 kPa Carburetors and water powered vacuums