Fluid Mechanics

Lecture 7
Tonkid Chantrasmi
Today

 First Principles
 Conservation of Mass (Chapter 5.2)
 General Energy Equation (Chapter 5.5)

Note: We will come back to Mechanical Energy and Efficiency

(Chapter 5.3) and Bernoulli’s Equation (Chapter 5.4) later.
Review

First Principles for SOLID

(control mass / closed system)

Material Derivatives
Math (RTT)
(D/Dt)

First Principles for FLUID

(control volume / open system)
Big Picture

(4.1) Lagrangian vs. Eulerian

– Material Derivatives, Acceleration Field
(4.6) Reynolds Transport Theorem (RTT)

(5.2) Conservation of Mass Midterm

(5.3-5.6) Conservation of Energy (Special case: Bernoulli’s)
(6.1-6.4) Conservation of Linear Momentum

Note: (6.5-6.6) Angular momentum not emphasized

First Principles for SOLID
Review
First Principles

 Basic laws

 Prescribed for a closed system (fixed mass)

 “Following Mass”

 Lagrangian
List of First Principles
 Conservation of Mass (mass)

 Newton’s Second Law (force/momentum)

 Angular-Momentum Principle (torque/angular momentum)

 First Law of Thermodynamics (energy)

 Second Law of Thermodynamics (entropy)

Conservation of Mass

 “Mass cannot be created or destroyed”

 Of course, because we are following mass!

 Exception?

dM
0
dt
Newton’s Second Law

 Force – Acceleration form

 
F  ma
 Force – Momentum form

 dP
F
dt
Angular-Momentum Principle

 Torque – Angular Acceleration form

 
T  I
 Torque – Angular Momentum form

 dH
T 
dt
1st Law of Thermodynamics

 Conservation of Energy

 “Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from

one form to another”

dE  
E  Q  W  Q W
dt
2nd Law of Thermodynamics

 There is a natural direction of energy flow

 For example, heat flows from hot to cold places. Not the
other way around

 This defines entropy. Systems will naturally change in such a

way to increase entropy.

dS Q

dt T
First Principles

 
dM  dP  dH
0 F T 
dt dt dt

dE   dS Q
 Q W 
dt dt T
First Principles

 
dM  dP  dH
0 F T 
dt dt dt

dE   dS Q
 Q W 
dt dt T
First Principles

 
dM dP  dH 
0 F T
dt dt dt

dE   dS Q
 Q W 
dt dt T
 Extensive & Intensive Quantities

M   d
 ( system )

 
 Vd
Extensive
P
 ( system )

E  ed
 ( system )
Extensive & Intensive Quantities

M   1d 1
 ( system )

  
P  Vd V Intensive
 ( system )

E  ed e
 ( system )
Mass Conservation
Averaged Velocity
Recall RTT
dBsys dBCV  
   bVrel  ndA
dt dt CS

 Let b 1

 So, B   bd  M

dM sys dM CV  
   Vrel  ndA
dt dt CS
Apply RTT to Mass Conservation

 Mass Conservation for FLUID

 (Mass Conservation for SOLID + RTT)

  
0 
t CV
d   V  dA
CS
Assumption 1: Incompressible

 Density can be taken out of integrals and derivatives

  
0 
t CV
d   
CS
V  dA

  
0    V  dA
t CS
Assumption 2: Fixed CV

 Then the volume does not change with time …

 
0    V  dA
CS

 
0   V  dA
CS
Assumption 3: Uniform Velocities

 If the velocity at each inlet or outlet is uniform, or if it can

be approximated with an averaged velocity, then the
integral can be simplified to summation over each inlet

0  Vavg A  Vavg A
out in

 Note that the velocity here is the normal component!

Averaged Velocity

 From

 
Vavg A   V  dA
A

 So,

1  
Vavg   V  dA
AA
Flow Rates

 Volume Flow Rate [m3/s]

 
Q   V  dA
A
 Mass Flow Rate [kg/s]
 
   V  dA
m
A
Flow Rates

 With all incompressible and fixed CV assumptions, we have

Q  Vavg A
  Q  Vavg A
m
 Steady (Compressible) Flows
 Steady flow implies that all time derivative is zero
 Since the flow might be compressible (variable density), we
cannot pull density out of the integral
 
0   V  dA   Vavg A   Vavg A
CS out in

 We can work with mass flow rates instead of volume flow

rates
Unsteady Flows

 If the flow is unsteady, then we have

dM CV
  m   m  0
dt out in
Summary

Steady Unsteady

 m   m  0 dM CV
  m   m  0
out in dt out in

 where   Vavg Ac
m
1  
 Vavg is usually given, otherwise Vavg  
Ac Ac
Vrel  ndAc
Notation

 We will drop “avg” subscript and use V as average velocity

unless specifically stated otherwise

 We will also often use A instead of Ac.

m  VA
Special (but Frequent) Cases
Steady Flow

One inlet and one outlet m out  m in

Call the inlet “1” 1V1 A1  2V2 A2

Call the outlet “2”

Incompressible V1 A1  V2 A2
Exercises

 Example 5.1 Nozzle

 5-5 Ventilation fan, cycle time
 5-8 Net flow rate of a velocity profile
 5-11 Ventilation, standard spec/requirements
 5-15 Hair dryer, flow through heater
 Example 5.2 [Hard] Setup ODE from mass conservation
Energy Conservation
General Energy Equation
Energy Balance
 In an open system, energy can enter or leave with the mass
entering or leaving the system.

 Of course, energy can enter or leave without the mass as in a

closed system as well. Through work (e.g. pump/turbine)
and heat.

 We have to take into account both of the two ways!

Energy with Mass

𝑈
𝑢= is internal energy pe
Energy with Mass
Energy Equation (Total)
Energy Equation
𝐸𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝑡 + Δ𝑡 − 𝐸𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝑡
𝑉𝑖2 𝑉𝑒2
= 𝑚𝑖 𝑢𝑖 + + 𝑔𝑧𝑖 − 𝑚𝑒 𝑢𝑒 + + 𝑔𝑧𝑒 + 𝑄
2 2
−𝑊

As a rate equation (divide by Δ𝑡 then take limit Δ𝑡 → 0):

𝑑𝐸𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝑉𝑖2 𝑉𝑒2

= 𝑚 𝑖 𝑢𝑖 + + 𝑔𝑧𝑖 − 𝑚𝑒 𝑢𝑒 + + 𝑔𝑧𝑒 + 𝑄
𝑑𝑡 2 2
−𝑊
Flow Work
Flow Work
Flow Work

Combine with energy equation

Enthalpy per mass (h)
General Energy Equation
Note: this is NOT yet 100% correct. Need to include kinetic energy correction factor