ENERGY BALANCE:

Open System
STEADY STATE FLOW PROCESS
 Energy Transfer
• Mass and energy • Mass flow of fluid
crossing the control – Kinetic energy
boundary – Potential energy
• External W &/or Q – Internal energy
crossing the – “Flow” energy
boundary • Exchange of
• Change of stored external W &or Q
energy within the complete the energy
control volume balance.
 Energy Analysis
Accounting Procedures

1. Control Mass Analysis

• conservation of energy equation is
written for a specified piece of
matter.

2. Control Volume Analysis

• works on a specified regions in
space.
 Ideal for
NON-FLOW
Energy is constant System
U=Q+W
KE+PE+U=Q+W

Flow System

Control Volume Concepts

 Open vs. Closed Systems

The OPEN SYSTEM is the most general of the three systems:

• mass
Allowed to cross the
• Q (heat)
CONTROL BOUNDARY
• W (external work)
 Conservation of Mass
• In a closed system the mass is always
constant
• In an open system (control volume) we
need to consider material balances

min – mout = m Or….

   What does
min  mout  mcv the dot
mean?
 Open System
Steam Power Plant Wnet=Wout+Win
H 2O
Evap. Wout
Working Fluid

Starting Point: (Steam) Heat

Fuel + Air QA Hot Body Engine
BOILER Prime Mover
C
Condenser Sink D Exhaust steam
QR Cooling
System
Win=Win-1+Win-2
Win-2 Win-1

Pump
System Boundary
Characteristics of a Steady Flow System

1. The mass flow rate into the system is equal

to that from the system.
2. There is neither accumulation nor depletion
of energy within the system
3. The rate of the working substance at any
point in the system remains constant.
4. For the determination of properties, 1-D flow
at inlet and exit boundaries of the system is
assumed. Properties are then handled as
uniform across these sections.
 Mass Balance Equation:
massin = massout

m 1  m 2
Where: m = mass flow rate [kg/s]

If follows that the rate of flow of heat [q] and work [W] are constant.

Energy entering the system = Energy leaving out of the system

 Steady State Flow Process
(Open System, Flow of Fluids)
m2
• conditions and flow rate at all points along the Out
Fluid flow
path are constant with time; 2 q2
m 2
• no accumulation or depletion of material atUany point;
1
Fluid In
· 2
• The properties 1 (state) of the fluid may vary P
from
2 point
q1
T2
to point of the system but the properties at any given
1 ρ2
point areUconstant
1 with time. V2
P1
The accounting is carried out with symbols used to
T1
represent energy
ρ1 transfer to and from the control mass
and the sign
V1 convention must always be set up for the
energy flows.
Nomenclature
m = mass flow rate [ kg·s1]
 = velocity [ m ·s1]
q = volumetric rate [ m3·s1]
G = mass velocity [ kg·m2·s1]
 = fluid density [ kg·m3 ]
V = specific volume [m3·kg1]
D = effective diameter [ m ]
A = flow area [ m2 ]
T = temperature [ C ]
P = pressure [ N·m2 ]
H = enthalpy [ J ]
Q = heat transferred [ J ]
W = work [ J ]
U = internal energy [ J ]
 Q = heat flow into the system [ kJ / s ]
min ; mout = mass flow rate into / out of the system [ kg / s ]
Uin; Uout = specific internal energy into / out of the system
[ kJ / kg ]
PinVin; PoutVout = pressure-specific volume energy into / out of the
system [ kN-m / kg ]
 in2  out
2
; = kinetic energy into; out of the system [ kN-m / kg ]
2 gc 2 gc in = average velocity of fluid [ m / s ]
gc = the gravitational constant [ 1 kg-m / N-s2 ]
g g g = acceleration due to gravity [ m / s2 ]
Zin ; Z out = potential energy [ kN-m / kg ] of the fluid
gc gc entering; out of the system height above
reference level [ m ]
W= work flow out of the system [ kN-m / kg·s ]
 Common Measures of
Flow m = mass flow rate
n = molar flow rate
q = volumetric flow rate
 = velocity

Rate Equations
1. m  Mn M = molar mass
2. m  q  to the
A = cross direction
sectional area of
of flow
pipe or conduit
3. m  A  = velocity
Taken on of its
the fluid in the
4. q  A direction normal
average speed to A
(ave.
m A  linear density
5. G  
A A V
In working out a proper energy equation for
a control volume, flow problems may be
worked by the control mass method (though it
is somewhat awkward).

In the interest of motivating the control

volume transformation, the flow system
analysis is considered by the control mass
method.
 Mass Balance Equations (MBE)
m 1 m 3
Control
Volume dmCV
Control
dt Surface
m 2
The rate of
The rate of mass The rate of mass
change of mass = +
flow into the flow from the
within the control
control volume control volume
dm
volume
CV
m
 3  (m
1  m
2)  0
dmdt
CV = m 1  m 2   m 3
dt (m)
 fs
Continuity Equation : (General Mass Balance Equation)

CV CV  m
dmdm )fs 00
where:

dt
  (vA fs
fs = flowing streams
dt
At Steady State:  ) fs  (uA ) fs  0
(m
m 1  m 2 1 A1  2 A2
1. 4. 
2. q1 1  q2  2 V1 V2
3. 1 A11   2 A2 2 5. G1 A1  G2 A2
Special Case for Steady State Flow:
• condition
• No accumulation  ( Av)
dmCVwithin the control volume do not vary s 0
with time
 0of mass within the control fvolume
dt
ENERGY BALANCE:
Open System
UNSTEADY STATE FLOW PROCESS
 General Energy Balance
The rate of
Net rate of energy
change of energy
+ transfer into = 0
within the
control volume
control volume
Rate of
energy 
d (mU )CV  2 gZ  
accumulation =   U   m   Q  WorkRate
within control
dt   2 gc gc   fs
volume

Work rate  PV m

  fs  W

where

W = all other forms of work expressed in rate term

 Open System
Ws 
Q
  in2 g    out2 g 
m in U in  PinVin   Z in  m out U out  PoutVout   Z out 
 2g c g c   2g c g c 

System boundary
 (energiesin) =  (energiesout) + (energy stored system)

First Law of Thermodynamics

  2
g    2
g 
Q  m in U in  PinVin 
 in
 Z in   W  m out U out  PoutVout 
 out
 Z out 
 2g c g c   2g c g c 
 Various forms of energy crossing the control
boundary with mass of the system:
m ( U + PV + KE + PE )
In open system: H = U + PV
Conservation of Energy
 = m ( Hout + KEout + PEout ) + Ws
m ( Hin + KEin + PEin ) +Q
Where:
Ws = externally applied work; shaft work done by system
m = mass flow rate of working fluid
H = specific enthalpy
PE = specific potential energy
KE = specific kinetic energy
Q = heat rate into the system
Work consists of:
1. Shaft work (Ws) – work transmitted by means
of a shaft which either rotates or reciprocates.
2. Flow work or energy of pressure (flow of fluids)
= P2V2  P1V1
W = Ws + P2V2  P1V1

 The properties (state) of the fluid may vary from

point to point of the system but the properties at a
given point are constant with time.
Energy In = Energy Out
U1 + PE1 + KE1 + Q = U2 + PE2 + KE2 + W

Overall Energy Balance:

U  (PV )  PE  KE  Q Ws
 
1. Circular pipes: A  D2
4
2. For uniform flow: A is constant G1 = G2
3. Incompressible fluids (Liquids)
(a)Isothermal T1 = T2 1 =  2 q1 = q2
(b)Uniform flow (A is constant) G1 = G2
  m   
(c)Isothermal and uniform flow m
1 2 1 2
4. Compressible fluids (Gases)
Ideal Behavior: PM m
 
RT V
1 A11   2 A2 2 PM PM
 1 A1 1   2 A2 2
PV = nRT RT1 RT2
 1 A1 P1  2 A2 P2

T1 T2
 Steady State Flow Process
A process during which a fluid flows steadily through a
control volume. It is characterized by the following:
1. No properties (intensive or extensive) within the
control volume change with time.
2. No properties change at the boundaries of the
control volume with time.
3. The Q & W interactions between a steady flow
system and its surroundings do not change with
dmCV
time. m m
1  2
0
dt
Unsteady State Flow Process (Transient Flow Process)
A process which involves changes within the control
volume with time. dm
CV
0
dt