Low

Speed Aerodynamics
ASE 320
Lecture 9: Reynolds Transport Theorem
and Conservation of Mass
 Reynold’s Transport Theorem Overview
• We understand systems and laws for a system
!"
– Mass conservation, =0
!#
!("')
– Momentum conservation, = ∑𝐹
!#
!("',/,) !. !0
– Energy conservation, = ∑ −
!# !# !#
• The Reynold’s transport theorem helps us write
the left hand side of the above equations for
control volumes

System Control Volume

 What use are these equations?
The three basic equations of conservation of
mass, momentum and energy within a control
volume are the basis of any methodology to
model and predict flows around different objects

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sdYmJ2SJcZE
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n02GArL6Eo0
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OqRUtRytanI
 Reynolds’ Transport Theorem

Flow
into the CV

Flow
out of the CV

Fixed control surface and system boundary at time t

Our model must account for mass storage or depletion inside the control
volume, as well as mass inflow and outflow across the control surface.

( Stuffin - Stuffout ) ± Stuff produced = ± D Stuffinside

mple first example,Let’s define “Stuff” a little better
consider a duct or streamtube with a nearly one-dime
! V(x), • as shown in Fig. 3.3. The selected control volume is a portion
Now let B be any property of the fluid (mass, momentum,
hich happens to be filled exactly by system 2 at a particular instant t. A
energy etc.)
system 2 has begun to move out, and a sliver of system 1 has entered fr
e shaded !1 areas show an outflow sliver of volume AbVb dt and an inflow
• is the intensive value or the amount of B per unit mass
. !"
let B be of a fluid element
any property of the fluid (energy, momentum, etc.), and let # !
ntensive value or the amount of B per unit mass in any small portion
• The total amount of B in the control volume is thus
he total amount of B in the control volume is thus

BCV ! !CV
#$ d!
dB
# ! %%
dm
d tunnel uses a fixed model to simulate flow over a body moving through a fluid. A tow
If B = mass, m, then, dB/dm
ving model to •simulate the same situation. = 1
• If B = momentum, mV, then dB/dm = V
System 3
Section
Section System 2 b
 Reynolds’ Transport Theorem
3
A wind tunnel uses a fixed model to simulate flow over a body moving through a fluid. A tow tank
uses a moving model to simulate the same situation.

Section
System 3 • Nearly one-dimensional
System 1
Section System 2 b flow V = V(x)
a

• The selected control

x, V(x) volume is a portion of the
duct which happens to be
(a) filled exactly by system 2
Control at a particular instant t
volume
fixed in
space • At time t + dt, system 2
b
a has begun to move out,
and a sliver of system 1
1 1 2 3
has entered from the
2
left.
s-
• The shaded areas show
d!in = AaVa dt
2
d!out = AbVb dt an outflow sliver of
(b)
volume AbVbdt and an
inflow volume AaVadt
 where ! d! is a differential mass of the fluid. 3.2 WeThe want to relate
Reynolds the rateTheor
Transport of c
limit
BCV to the
where ! d! rate is aofdifferential
change ofmass the of amount
the fluid. of
Note: Weinwant
B system 2 which
to relate the rate happens
of change to
Reynolds’ Transport Theorem
dwith BCVthe to control
the 1 rate of volumechangeatoftime the amount
t.1 The time of B derivative
in 3.2
system
The 2Reynolds
• The sign for Volume ofwhich
BCV happens
is defined
Transport
is a cursive
to coinci
V by th
Theor
! d! is"a"lus (B
where
differential
withCV!
limit ) d!
the "is"mass
#control volume
CV (t $
aBdifferential
of the atdt)time mass
fluid.% t.""The ofBthe
We (t)
want
time
CV fluid. to We
relate
derivative want
of the
BCV toraterelate
is of
defined the rate
change
by theofof ch
calc
d t d t d t • The sign for Velocity is a regular V
the rate of change of the amount of B in system B2 in
B lus
CV to the
limit rate of change of the amount of system
which 2 whichtohappens
happens coincide to
with the at"d"dtime
control volume 1 time 1ofderivative
e control where
volume ! d! 1is(BaCV differential
t.) #The "1"at Btime mass(t t. ofThe
derivative
$ dt) the
%time
1 fluid.
" " BBCV We
CV want
(t)is oftoBrelate
defined CV 1 is defined
by the
therate by
calcu-of thch
limit #d"" ""(B [B CV)(t#$ "d"tdt) BCV CV
%(t ($&!dt)d!) % ""out BCV $(t)(3.2 in]2%
d!)Reynolds
&!system [B
""Transport2(t)] Theo
t lus
B CV to the rate dtdtt of2change dt of the amount dt doft B in The which
dt happens to
with the control d volume11 at time t. The time 1 derivative of BCV is1defined 1 by th
d lus limit 1 ""1(BCV) # #" """ [B [BCV
B 12(t(t(t$$$dt)dt)
dt)%% %
(&! ("&!"d!)Bd!)
CV $ ($
out(t)
out &!(d!)
&!d!) ] % "" [B (t)]
in] %in"" [B2(t)] 2
"" (BCV ) # !""#
where d! dBt"CV " (t
is $2(tdt)$ddt%
a[Bdifferential tdt)"% 2
"mass BBCV
2(t)](t)the
of % (dfluid.
t AV)
&! We $ (&!
outwant to AV)
relate dt thedtrate of c
in
dt dt dt dt
BCV to thedrate of change 11 of the amount 1of B in system 2 which happens 1 to
1 "" (BCV) # ##" """t at[B B
[BCV (t(t$$
22(t $dt) dt)
dt) %% %B2(B(t)]
"&! B
2"(t)]
%d!)%
CV (t)
(&! (AV)
&!$AV)(&!
out $
1 (&!
d!)$AV)(&!] in%AV)
""in [B2by (t)]th
with
e first term on the
the control
d right
t volume
is the d
d rate
t time
of t. The
change time
of
d t Bderivative
within
out ofout
system B CV is
in
2 defined
at the
d t insta
# "" [B2(t $ dt) % (&! d!)out $ (&!d!)in] % "" [B2(t)]
upies theThelus limit
control dt volume. theBy dsystem
t above
Thefirst
first termon
term on the right
right 1rearranging
isis thethe rate
rate ofthe
ofchange lastofline
change ofwithin
B within
of B the system2 atequation,
1the
2 atinstan
the
occupies the control # "
volume." [B (t $ dt)
2 By rearranging
% (
B &! (t)]d!)%
21 theinlast ( &!$ (
AV)
line &!of d!)$ ( ]
&!
out the above
%AV)" " [B
equation, (t)]
e the desired conversion
occupies1 the d formula d"𝑑𝐵1 relating
t" B𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡 By
2
changes any
out
property in
B of a
in
dt equalocal
2
have# the "[B
"" desired " 2control
(B
(t $
CV #volume.
)dt) =
conversion % B (t
(t)]
formula
CV $ % rearranging
dt)
(&! %
relatingAV)" " B
changes
the(t)last line of the above
CV$ (&!
in AV)
any property B of a local sy
to one-dimensional
have the d t computations d t 2
concerning d t a
out
fixed control in
volume Bwhich
The temfirsttodtdesired
term on the#right
one-dimensional conversion 𝑑𝑡formula relating
1 computations
is the rate of change
concerning changes
of
a fixed
B
in control
any property
within system
volume 2 at
of a l
the i
which
ntaneously tem encloses
to one-dimensional the system. " " [B (t
1t computations
2 $ dt) % B (t)] % ( &! AV)
concerning a fixed control volume
2 out $ ( &! AV) in
1 equa w
stantaneously
occupies
st term onstantaneously the
the right is encloses encloses
control
the rate d
volume.the
of
" [B system.
change By rearranging
of%B(&! within the last
system line
$ (&!2d!) of the
at inthe above
] %instant it
# "the 2(t $ dt)
system. d!)out "" [B2(t)]

!" !""
have dthe desired conversion
d(B d t formula relating changes in any property d tBatofwe a loi
#
s the control volume. Bydthe rearranging d the the last line of the above equation,
The "first
tem to
term
" one-dimensional on " " right
(Bsyst) #ddt"" syst1 computations ) # is"&!"
d # d! rate &! $ofd! (change
&!
concerning
$ (
AV) &!ofAV)B
a% within
out(&!AV)inin
%
fixed
( &! system
AV)
control
2
volume
the (3(
w
! #
d t out
e desiredoccupies
conversion
dt the formula "" d(B
control relating
t#syst
volume. CV) #
" [B " " By changes
CV
rearranging
&! in
d! any the
$ property
( last
&! AV)line Bof
% of
(the
&! a local
above
AV) sys-
equa
stantaneously encloses "the 2(t $ dt) % B2(t)] % (&!AV)out
system. out $ (&!AV)in in
haveThis the is desired
the d t
conversion
one-dimensional d t
one-dimensional computations concerning a fixed control volume which d t
formula
Reynolds CV relating
transport changes
theorem in
for any
a property
fixed volume. ofin-
B The athr
lo
s is the one-dimensional Reynolds transport theoremflux of Bfor a fixed The fluxvolume. The th
!"
terms on the right-hand The side rate of change
are, respectively,The of B
tem to one-dimensional d computations
d concerning a fixed control the 2 at thew
volume
eously encloses
This
The
ms on theterms
is
first
right-hand
stantaneously
d
1. The
occupies
the
the
on the
term
the
system.
one-dimensional
d
on
side " "
encloses
rateright-hand
the
ofdchange
control
(B
t are,
ofright
syst
B)within
the
volume.
control of
#
side
isReynolds
respectively,
"
system.
Bvolume
" the
the rate&!
dare,
t ByCV
within
of
#
transport
change
d!
passing
respectively,
the control
rearranging
out
$ theorem
of
volume
control surface the
of
( theB
&! AV)
last
for
within
passing
out
line
control
% a
of
fixed
system
(into
&! AV) volume.
in
the above equa
surface
T
 upies the control volume. By rearranging the last line of the above equation,
Reynolds’ Transport Theorem for Arbitrary CV
e the desired conversion formula relating changes in any property B of a local
to one-dimensional computations concerning a fixed control volume which
ntaneously encloses the system.
1D

!"
d d
"" (Bsyst) # ""
dt dt CV #
&! d! $ (&!AV)out % (&!AV)in (

s is the one-dimensional Reynolds transport theorem for a fixed volume. The th

ms Arbitrary
on the right-hand side are, respectively,
The rate of change of B within the control volume
The flux of B passing out of the control surface
The flux of B passing into theThe
control surface
rate of change The net flux of B
of B within the passing through
he flow pattern is steady, the first term
control vanishes.
volume Equationthe(3.9)
controlcan readily
surface be g
ized to an arbitrary flow pattern, as follows.

ure 3.4 shows a generalized fixed control volume with an arbitrary flow pat
sing through. The only additional complication is that there are variable sliver
 oofthe
change
basic and
lawscontrol-volume
of mechanics,surface and to
Eqs. (3.1) volume
(3.5). integra
Elimi
#re1.related
Equation (3.1) becomes
een the two gives the laws
to the basic of mechanics,
control-volume, or Eqs. (3.1) forms
integral, to (3.
dmConservation of Mass
atives
uids. The
hanics
between
of
momentum, ! "
dummy
! !
fluids.
dt and
the two
The#
gives
variable
0 #
dummy !
syst energy. dt
!#!
dBthe
becomes,
"
variable
CV
d!
B" #
control-volume,
&
becomes,
CS
or integra
respectively,
" (V
mas
r ! n)
respectiv
um,
mass, •angular momentum, and energy.
For conservation of mass, B = m and therefore
as discussed in Examples 3.1 and 3.2, B # m an
he integral
rvation of
dB/dm
3.1) becomes mass-conservation
mass,
= 1 as discussed law
in for a deformable
Examples 3.1 and contro
3.2, B
volume,
Equationwe have
(3.1) becomes
# 0dm #! # "# # # #
d
" d!
d'" & "(Vr ! n) dA
! " ! "
# !!
yst !! dt #CV 0 # !!! d!& "CSd ! "&(V ! n)"(VdA
r !#n)0dA
dt syst CV dt't CV CS CS
-conservation
tegralvolume law
mass-conservationfor a deformable control
law for aofdeformable volume. For
control volu a
ntrol has only a number one-dimensional inle
e •weFor a steady flow, the first term is zero
me, have

#CV
'"
't # # #
!! d!&'"!'"! "d(V
'd!
!!CS
CV
!& ! n) dA #
#!0n) dA # 0
(V
t & $CS("i AiVi)out ($ ("i AiVi)in #
"
CV 't i i
 Conservation of Mass
V1 n V2

n n

A1 A2
n

• Quasi- 1D flow with inlet and outlet

• V.n is non-zero at the left and right surfaces
and zero on the top and bottom surfaces.
 fluids. The dummy variable B becomes, respectively, m
lar momentum, and energy.
Conservation of Mass
of mass, as discussed in Examples 3.1 and 3.2, B # m
(3.1) becomes
V1 n V2
m
!" syst
#0 #n
d
!!
dt
#!
CV "
" d! &# CS
"(Vr ! n) dA n

ass-conservation A1
law for a deformable control volume.
A2 Fo
n
ave

# CV
'"
!! d!&
't
#
CS
"(V ! n) dA # 0

has only a number of𝜌1one-dimensional

𝑉1𝐴1 = 𝜌2𝑉2𝐴2 inlets and outlets
 We illustrate aver
Conservation of Mass: if necessary, use
Flow in a streamtube
EXAMPLE 3.3
V•n=0
Write the conserva
parallel to the wall
V2

Solution
2
V1 For steady flow Eq
Streamtube
1 control volume

E3.3 Thus, in a streamtu

• Flow everywhere parallel to the walls with an
If the density is co
inlet 1 with Area = A1 and exit with Area = A2
• Quasi- 1D flow with inlet and outlet
• A stream-tube is a bundle of streamlinesThe volume flow is
ussed in Examples 3.1 and 3.2, B # m and % #
Conservation of Mass : Steady streamtube

#!CV "
" d! & #
V1 b
CS
n
"(Vr ! n) dA
c
(3.20)
V2

n n
n law for a deformable control volume. For a fixed
A1 a A2
d
n
& #
CS
"(V ! n) dA # 0 (3.21)

ber of one-dimensional inlets and outlets, we can

= 𝜌𝑽. 𝒏𝑑𝐴 + = 𝜌𝑽. 𝒏𝑑𝐴 + = 𝜌𝑽. 𝒏𝑑𝐴 + = 𝜌𝑽. 𝒏𝑑𝐴 = 0
DB BC C! !D

−𝜌1𝑉1𝐴1 + 0 + 𝜌2𝑉2𝐴2 + 0 = 0
("i AiVi)out ($ ("i AiVi)in # 0 (3.22)
Conservation of Mass : Steady streamtube

n c
V1 b V2

n n

A1 a A2
d
n

−𝜌1𝑉1𝐴1 + 0 + 𝜌2𝑉2𝐴2 + 0 = 0

𝜌1𝑉1𝐴1 = 𝜌2𝑉2𝐴2
Mass flow in cross-section (a-b) = Mass flow in cross-section (c-d)
 Conservation of Mass : Steady streamtube

n c
V1 b V2

n n

A1 a A2
d
n
𝜌1𝑉1𝐴1 = 𝜌2𝑉2𝐴2
If the flow is incompressible, then 𝜌1 = 𝜌2, and we end up with

𝑉1𝐴1 = 𝑉2𝐴2
Or, V2 = V1 A1/A2

This relation was first derived by Leonardo da Vinci in 1500!!