20AG401-THERMODYNAMICS

Dr.M.Arunkumar.,M.E.,Ph.D.,
Assistant Professor
Department of Agriculture Engineering
 UNIT I
BASIC CONCEPTS AND FIRST LAW

Concepts of continuum - Microscopic and macroscopic

approach - Path and point functions - Intensive and extensive,
total and specific properties - Thermodynamic equilibrium
state, path and process - Quasi-static, reversible and
irreversible processes - Heat and work transfer - P-V diagram
- Zeroth law of thermodynamics – Concept of temperature
and thermal equilibrium– relationship between temperature
scales - First law of thermodynamics –application to closed
and open systems – steady and unsteady flow processes.
 TEMPERATURE, HEAT AND OTHER
FORMS OF ENERGY
• Heat - total energy of the motion of the molecules of a
substance 
• Temperature - the measure of the average energy of the
motions of the molecules in the substance.
• Temperature is parameter for measuring heat but heat is a form
of energy that can be converted into work with a thermal
device.

3
 Internal Energy
• The internal energy for a system is the total energy for that
system (potential + kinetic). We are interested in tracking the
internal energy as it allows us to know if energy is coming into
or out of a system.
•  If there is a change in the internal energy of a system, then
energy must have been exchanged between the system and the
surroundings.  This energy flow is in the form of either heat or
work.  
• Therefore, we equate any change in the internal energy of a
system with the sum of the heat and the work.

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WORK – INTERNAL ENERGY

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 WORK – INTERNAL ENERGY

• Heat is the form of energy transferred due to

temperature gradient between two bodies
• Work is the form of energy useful in
displacement of a body
Heat  Mass  Specific heat capacity  Temperature difference (Joules)

Work  Force  Distance (Joules)

 WORK – INTERNAL ENERGY ,

• Force acting on the piston = Pressure x Area

= pA
• Work done on elemental volume = Force x distance
= pA x dx
= pdV
• Total work done in a process

• Area under the curve in pV diagram gives the workdone under the process.

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 WORK – INTERNAL ENERGY

• Net heat transfer = Net work transfer

• Expressed Algebraically,
W  cycle
  Q cycle
• Mathematically,

 dW   dW
(or) Q1-2

 dW   dQ 0 W1-2

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 WORK – INTERNAL ENERGY

• Heat energy stored in the gas at a given temperature.

Mathematically, U = m Cv T

Change in internal energy (∆U)

• Increase or decrease in heat energy stored in the gas due to
raise in temperature
Mathematically, ∆U = m Cv (T2 - T1)

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 Point functions Path functions
Thermodynamic properties Heat and work
Depend only on the state and Depends on the path of the
not on how the system reaches system
that state

Have exact differentials Have in-exact differential.

Total change in volume during a
process,

 dV  V2  V1  dW  W 2  W1  dW  W
1 2

For a cyclic process

 dp  0, dV  0, dp  0

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 Sign convention

Q(-ve)
System

W(+ve)
Q(+ve) System

W(-ve)

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 System and their types
The substance or element or device which you
consider for thermodynamic analysis is called as
system.
• Open system
• Closed system
• Isolated system
 Concepts of continuum
• The word continuum refers that continuous
distribution of matter.
• It is simply continuous process.
Microscopic and macroscopic approach
 Path function
Their magnitudes depend on the path followed
during a process as well as the end states.

Work (W), heat (Q) are path functions

 Point Function
They depend on the state only, and not on how a
system reaches that state. All properties
are point functions.

Point functions-which does not depend on path. 

Example, temperature, pressure, density, mass,
volume, entropy, internal energy. 
Intensive and extensive properties
Reversible process
irreversible process
 QUASI STATIC PROCESS
• A quasi-static process is a thermodynamic process that happens

slowly enough for the system to remain in

internal  equilibrium.
• It is one of the reversible process which contains more
equilibrium states

18ME301 - Engineering Thermodynamics

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 Thermodynamic laws
• Zeroth law of thermodynamics (Thermal
equilibrium)
• First law of Thermodynamics (Law of
conservation of energy)
• Second law of thermodynamics
– Clausius statement
– Kelvin Plank statement
• Third law of thermodynamics
 ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
When a body ‘A’ is in thermal equilibrium with another body ‘b’, and also separately
in thermal equilibrium with a body ‘C’, then body ‘B’ and ‘C’ will also be in thermal
equilibrium with each other. This statement defines the zeroth law of
thermodynamics.
The law is based on temperature equilibrium.

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 First Law of Thermodynamics
(Law of conservation of energy)
 Q  W 
cycle cycle

Heat transfer= Work done + Change in internal energy

Q  U  W
“When a system undergoes a cyclic process, then the net
heat transfer is equal to the net work output”.

“Energy may be neither created nor destroyed but it can

change from one form to another form”.
Perpetual motion machine of first kind (PMM 1)

• It violated the first law of thermodynamics.

• It is impossible
• It is impossible to construct an machine which
delivers work continuously without any input.
 Steady Flow Energy Equation(SFFE)

In many practical problems, the rate at which the fluid flows

through a machine or piece of apparatus is constant. This type of
flow is called steady flow.
A piston and cylinder machine contains a fluid system which
passes through a complete cycle of four processes. During a
cycle the sum of all the heat transfers is -170 Kj. The system
completes 100 cycles per minute. Complete the following table
showing the method of each item, and complete the net rate of
work output in Kw.
Process Q(kJ/min) W(kJ/min) ΔE(kJ/min)

a-b 0 2,170 -

b-c 21,000 0 -

c-d -2,100 - -36,600

d-a - - -
Q=+W
 Applications of steady flow energy equation to
various engineering systems
mm

Boiler
• Used to generate high pressure steam by supplying heat to a
water.
Q=(-)
Nozzle
• Used to increase the velocity of the fluid
mm
 Turbine
• Used o convert the potential energy in to
useful mechanical work.
mm

W=
• Air at a temperature of 15°C passes through a heat exchanger
at a velocity of 30 m/s where its temperature is raised to
800°C. It then enters a turbine with the same velocity of 30
m/s and expands until the temperature falls to 650°C. On
leaving the turbine, the air is taken at a velocity of 60 m/s to a
nozzle where it expands until the temperature has fallen to
500°C. If the air flow rate is 2 kg/s, calculate
(a) the rate of heat transfer to the air in the heat exchanger,
(b) power output from the turbine assuming no heat loss and
(c) velocity of nozzle at exit, assuming zero heat loss.
Take enthalpy of air as h=CP.T, where CP is the specific
heat=1.005 kJ/kgK and T is the temperature.
Given data:
T1= 15˚C = 15+273= 288 K
C1= 30 m/s
T2= 800 ˚C = 800+273= 1073 K
C2= 30 m/s
T3= 650 ˚C = 650+ 273= 923 K
C3= 60 m/s
T4= 500 ˚C = 500 + 273 K
m= 2 kg/s
To Find:
Q1-2, W 2-3, C4
 Solution
Applying SFEE between 1-2 (Heat Exchanger),
mm

For Heat exchanger,

There is no work transfer (W1-2=0)
Velocity is also neglected (C1=C2)
So, the above equation modified to,
Q1-2= m(h2-h1) [h=CpT]
= mCp(T2-T1)
= 2 X 1.005 X(1073-288)
Q1-2 =1577.85 kW
Applying SFEE between 2-3 (turbine),
mm

For turbine,
There is no heat transfer ()=0
mm
mm
=
W2-3= 298.8 kW
Applying SFEE between 3-4 (Nozzle),
mm

There is no work done and heat transfer in the

nozzle,
So SFEE is modified into,
mm
mm

C4= 552.36 m/s

 Entropy (S)
Waste of energy (or) degradation of energy (or)
unavailable energy.
 Available energy and unavailable energy

• the part of heat absorbed that is converted into

work is useful and is available for our use, so
it is called available energy.
•  the heat rejected is of no use so it is
called unavailable energy.
 First law of thermodynamics
Application to closed systems
(Non-flow processes)
• Constant volume or Iso-choric process
• Constant pressure or Iso-baric process
• Constant temperature or Isothermal process
• Hyperbolic process
• Isentropic or reversible adiabatic process
• Polytropic process
• Free expansion Process
• Throttling process
Free expansion process
Throttling process
 Change in internal
Process Work done Heat transfer Change in enthalpy and relations
energy

Constant volume
process
Zero

Constant pressure
or
process

Constant
temperature
or or Zero or Zero
Isothermal process
(T=C)

Reversible adiabatic or or
or Isentropic process
Zero
  or

Polytropic process or
• A piston- cylinder device contains 0.15 kg of air initially at 2 MPa
and . The air is first expanded isothermally to 500 kPa, then
compressed polytropically with a polytropic exponent of 1.2 to the
initial pressure and finally compressed at the constant pressure to the
initial state. Determine the boundary work for each process and
network of the cycle.
Given data:

Process 1-2 is isothermal (expansion)

Process 2-3 is polytropic (compression)
Process 3-1 is constant pressure (compression)
To Find:
Work done for each process (W1-2, W2-3, W3-1)
Net work done of the cycle
Solution:
For isothermal expansion process (1-2),
Work done
For Polytropic process (2-3),
Work done,
For constant pressure process (3-1),
Work done,
Volume at state 1 , .
Volume at state 2 , .

Process 1-2. isothermal expansion

Work done

.
Process 2-3 polytropic compression
Work done for Polytropic process,

From PVT relationship for polytropic process,

Process 3-1: Constant pressure process

• For constant pressure process,
Work done,
Net work,

Result:
1) .
2) .
3) =
4) =
• A gas of mass 1.5 kg undergoes a quasi-static expansion which
follows a relationship p=a+bV, where a and b are constants. The
initial and final pressures are 1000 kPa and 200 kPa respectively and
the corresponding volumes are and . The specific internal energy of
the gas is given by the relation , where p is in kPa and v is in .
Calculate the net heat transfer and maximum internal energy of the
gas attained during expansion.
A gas of mass 1.5 kg undergoes a quasi-static expansion which follows a
relationship p=a+bV, where a and b are constants. The initial and final
pressures are 1000 kPa and 200 kPa respectively and the corresponding
volumes are and . The specific internal energy of the gas is given by the
relation , where p is in kPa and v is in . Calculate the net heat transfer
and maximum internal energy of the gas attained during expansion.

Given data:
• To find:
Heat transfer (Q)
Maximum internal energy ()
• Solution:
Heat transfer,
Work Transfer,

………….. (1)

…………….. (2)
(1) – (2)

Substituting the value of b= -800 in equation (1) , we get

The relationship becomes,

…………..(3)
W.
Change in internal energy,
Total change in internal energy,

According to the first law of thermodynamics,

Heat transfer,

Substituting the equation (3) in ,

So it becomes
………….. (4)
To find the maximum internal energy, differentiating
the equation (4) with respect to V and equating it to
zero.

From the equation (4) ,

Result:
Net Heat Transfer Q=
Maximum Internal Energy =
 2-mark Questions (UNIT-I)
1. State Zeroth law of thermodynamics.
2. Define system. Write the types of system.
3. State First law of thermodynamics.
4. What is PMM1? Why it is impossible?
5. Differentiate intensive and extensive properties.
6. Differentiate Point and path function.
7. What is Quasi-static process?
8. When the system is said to be in “thermodynamic
equilibrium”?
9. Differentiate between microscopic and macroscopic approach.
10. What is meant by reversible and irreversible process?
 MCQ
UNIT-I BASIC CONCEPTS AND FIRST LAW
A definite area or space where some thermodynamic process takes
place is known as
(A)thermodynamic system
(b) thermodynamic cycle
(c) thermodynamic process
(d) thermodynamic process

Ans: (A)thermodynamic system

 
A thermodynamic system where no exchange of heat takes place
between system and surrounding is...
a.Isothermal process
b.Adiabatic process
c.Isobaric process
d.Isochoric process

Ans: b. Adiabatic process

 
In an irreversible process, there is a
(a) loss of heat
(b) no loss of heat
(c) gain of heat
(d) no gain of heat.

Ans: (a) loss of heat

The unit of energy in SI units is

(J)
(a) Joule (J)
(b) Joule metre (Jm)
(c) Watt (W)
(d) Joule/metre (J/m).
 
Ans: (c) Watt (W)
The value of one bar (in SI units) is equal to
(a) 100 N/m2
(b) 1000 N/m2
(c) 1 × 104 N/m2
(d) 1 × 105 N/m2
 
Ans: (d) 1 × 105 N/m2
 

When two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body they
are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. This statement is
called
(a) Zeroth law of thermodyamics
(b) First law of thermodynamics
(c) Second law of thermodynamics
(d) Kelvin Planck’s law.

Ans: (a) Zeroth law of thermodyamics

Absolute zero temperature is taken as
(a) – 273°C
(b) 273°C
(c) 237°C
(d) – 373°C.
 
Ans: (a) – 273°C
 

The force exerted by the system on unit area of boundaries is called

Pressure
Volume
density
viscosity
 
Ans: a. Pressure