CHAPTE

R2
DC Equivalent Circuit
& Network Theorem
 COURSE LEARNING
CLO1 :
OUTCOME
Apply the concept and principles of the related electrical circuit
theorems and law to solve DC electrical circuit using various method and
approachSolve DC circuit problems using appropriate DC electrical laws
and theorems (C3, PLO 1)
CLO2 :
Construct DC circuit and measure related electrical parameters using
appropriate electrical equipment (P4, PLO 5)
CLO3 :
Demonstrate ability to work in team to complete assigned tasks within
the stipulated time frame (A3, PLO 9)
 LEARNING
OUTCOME
2.1 Understand methods of analysis
for resistive circuit.
2.1.1 Differentiate between nodes
and mesh.

2.2 Understand Kirchoff’s Current

Law and Kirchoff’s Voltage Law.
2.2.1 Explain Kirchoff’s Current
Law and Kirchoff’s
Voltage Law.
 NODE
1. A node is the point of
S
connection between
two or more branches
2. A node usually
indicated by a dot in a
circuit.
3. The circuit in given
figure has three nodes
a, b, c
 MESH
1. A mesh is a simplest
possible closed path.
2. In Figure 2.2, path
abefa and bcdeb are
meshes, but path
abcdefa is not a mesh
3. The current through a
mesh is known as mesh
current
Kirchoff’s Current Law
(K.C.L.)
In any electrical circuit, the
total current leaving a
junction(node) is equal to
the total current entering
that junction.
=
 Kirchoff’s Current Law (K.C.L.)
Example 2.1
DETERMINE the current flowing through 8 kΩ resistor in the diagram
by using Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL). [C4] - CLO2
 Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
(K.V.L.)
In any closed loop (mesh) of
an electrical circuit, the
algebraic sum of the e.m.f.s
in the loop is equal to the
algebraic sum of voltage
Mesh 1 drops in that loop.
E1 + E2 – E3 = V1 + V2 =
Mesh 2
E3 = V3 + V4 + V5
 Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
Example 2.2
DETERMINE the voltage drop(K.V.L.)
at resistor R in diagram as below by using
1
Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL). [C4] - CLO2
 LEARNING
OUTCOME
2.3 Apply Kirchoff’s Current Law and Kirchoff’s
Voltage Law in a DC circuit.
2.3.1 Draw circuit diagram to explain
Kirchoff’s Law.
2.3.2 Solve unknown currents and voltages
in a circuit.

2.4 Apply nodal and mesh analysis for resistive

circuit.
2.4.1 Solve unknown currents and voltages
in a circuit.
 MESH ANALYSIS
Example 2.3
Calculate currents flow throughout the whole circuit.
 NODE Analysis
Example 2.4: Determine each node voltage of the circuit above.

10V
 SELF-EXERCISE
1. Calculate node for the circuit below. Then determine
𝑉𝑥
𝐼𝐿
SELF-EXERCISE
2. Calculate by using Mesh analysis technique.
SELF-EXERCISE
3. Calculate currents flow throughout the whole circuit by using Kirchhoff’s Law / Mesh Analysis
SELF-EXERCISE
4. Calculate currents by using Kirchhoff’s Law / Mesh Analysis
SELF-EXERCISE
5. Calculate currents by using Kirchhoff’s Law / Mesh Analysis
 LEARNING
OUTCOME
2.5 Understand Thevenin’s Theorem.
2.5.1 Explain Thevenin’s Theorem.
2.5.2 Outline the procedure adopted
when using Thevenin’s Theorem.

2.6 Apply Thevenin’s Theorem to simplify a

circuit for analysis.
2.6.1 Construct the Equivalent Thevenin’s
Circuit.
2.6.2 Calculate the Thevenin’s
voltage (VTH) and
resistance (RTH).
2.6.3 Solve the circuit problems using
Thevenin’s Theorem.
 Thevenin’s Theorem
Definition :
It provides a mathematical technique for replacing a given
electrical network, as viewed from two output terminals, by a
single voltage source VTH with a series resistance RTH

STEP 1: To find Thevenin’s Voltage VTH

VTH
 Thevenin’s Theorem
Step 2: To find Thevenin’s Resistance RTH

Thevenin’s Resistance, RTH is the

resistance seen at A-B with all
RTH voltage sources are replaced by
short circuits and all current
sources are replaced by open
circuits.
Thevenin’s Theorem
Step 3: Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit

IL =
 Thevenin’s Theorem(Example)
Example 2.7
Calculate current IL using Thevenin’s Theorem
SELF-EXERCISE
1. Calculate currents by using Thevenin’s Theorem
LEARNING OUTCOME
2.7 Understand Norton’s Theorem.
2.7.1 Explain Norton’s Theorem.
2.7.2 Outline the procedure
adopted when using
Norton’s Theorem.

2.8 Apply Norton’s Theorem

simplify a circuit.
2.8.1 Construct the Equivalent
Norton’s Circuit
2.8.2 Calculate the Norton’s
current (IN) and resistance (RN)
2.8.3 Solve the circuit problems
using Norton’s Theorem
 Norton’s Theorem
Definition :
It provides a mathematical technique for replacing a given
electrical network, as viewed from two output terminals,
by a single current source with a parallel resistance.
Step
1: To find Norton’s Current IN

IN
 Norton’s Theorem
Step 2: To find Norton’s Resistance RN

RN
 Norton’s Theorem
Step 3: Norton Equivalent Circuit

04
Norton’s Theorem(Example)
Example 2.8
Calculate current IL using Norton’s Theorem
Norton’s Theorem(Example)
Example 2.9
Calculate current IL using Norton’s Theorem
 SELF-EXERCISE
1. Calculate currents by using Norton’s Theorem
 LEARNING
OUTCOME
2.9 Change Thevenin’s Equivalent
Circuit to Norton’s Equivalent Circuit
and vice versa

2.9.1 Show the procedure to

convert
Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit to
Norton’s Equivalent circuit

2.9.2 Show the procedure to

convert
Norton’s Equivalent Circuit to
Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit

2.9.3 Solve for circuit

Thevenin – Norton Transformation
Thevenin – Norton Transformation
Example 2.10
Calculate Norton current and Norton resistance if we
have Thevenin Circuit with Thevenin Voltage is 24 V and
Thevenin Resistance is 150 Ω.
SELF-EXERCISE
1. Calculate and of the given Norton circuit
A

B
 RECA
P
To solve unknown current and
unknown voltage we can use
different techniques that we had
learn in this topic.
Kirchoff Voltage Law and
Kirchoff Current Law
Mesh Analysis as simplification
method of Kirchoff’s Law
Nodal Analysis
Thevenin’s Theorem
Norton’s Theorem
END OF CHAPTER
2