Principle of Electrical

Engineering

Lecture 3
Resistor Color Codes,
Ohm Law

Engr. Najeeb Ullah

00923122945881
najeeb.ullah1@buitms.edu.pk
CODING OF THE THROUGH HOLE DEVICES (RESISTOR)

 Resistors made from carbon moldings or from metal-oxide film

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CODING OF THE THROUGH HOLE DEVICES (RESISTOR) Cont..

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Example

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Example Cont..
 Yellow-Violet-Orange-Gold Color Code

 A resistor-colored Yellow-Violet-Orange-Gold would be 47 kΩ with

a tolerance of +/- 5%.
 Green-Red-Gold-Silver Color Code

 A resistor-colored Green-Red-Gold-Silver would be 5.2 Ω with a

tolerance of +/- 10%.

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Example Cont..
 White-Violet-Black Color Code

 A resistor-colored White-Violet-Black would be 97 Ω with a

tolerance of +/- 20%. When you see only three-color bands on a
resistor, you know that it is a 4-band code with a blank (20%)
tolerance band.
 Blue-Brown-Green-Silver-Blue Color Code

 A resistor-colored Blue-Brown-Green-Silver-Blue would be 6.15 Ω

with a tolerance of +/- 0.25%.

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Ohm’s Law
 Ohm’s law states that the electrical current flowing through any
conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference
(voltage) between its ends, assuming the physical conditions of
the conductor do not change.
 In other words, the ratio of potential difference between any two
points of a conductor to the current flowing between them is
constant, provided the physical conditions (e.g., temperature etc.)
do not change.
 Mathematically, Ohm’s law can be expressed as,
 V=IR

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Electric Current
 Where:
 V = voltage expressed in Volts
 I = current expressed in Amps
 R = resistance expressed in Ohms
 The formula can be manipulated so that if any two quantities are
known the third can be calculated.
 I=V/R
 R=V/I

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Ohms Law calculation example
 If a voltage of 10 volts is placed across a 500 ohm resistor
determine the amount of current that will flow.

 I = V/R =10/500=0.02A=20mA

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Ohms Law calculation example
 Example (1): An electronic device has a resistance of 20 ohms
and a current of 15 A. What is the voltage across the device?
 Answer= 300V
 Example (2): A 3−V potential difference is applied across a 6Ω
resistor. What is the current that flows into the resistor?
 Answer= 0.5A
 Example (3): A current of 0.2A passes through a 1.4kΩ resistor.
What is the voltage across it?
 Answer= 280V

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Example
 Example (4): In the circuit shown below, how much current does
the ammeter show?

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Example
 Solution: the lamp is an electronic component with high
resistance. In the figure, the voltage across it is the same as
battery V=20V. The current passes through it relates to the
resistance and voltage drop using Ohm's law.

 Answer= 1.25 A

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Resistance
 The opposition offered by a substance to the flow of electric
current is called its resistance.

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Example 1

Length of the coil, l= 0.8 ×2000 = 1600 m

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Electric Power
 The rate at which work is done in an electric circuit is called its
electric power.

 Work?
 The work done to charge a body to 1 coulomb will be the measure
of its electric potential.
 V= W/Q
 W=VQ & The total charge that flows in t seconds is Q= I× t
coulombs Q= It

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Electric Power
 W=Vit,

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Electrical Energy
 The total work done in an electric circuit is called electrical energy.
 Electrical energy = Electrical power × Time

 One kilowatt-hour (kWh) of electrical energy is expended in a

circuit if 1 kW (1000 watts) of power is supplied for 1 hour.

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Use of Power and Energy Formulas

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Example

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Example

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Example

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Example

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Electricity Bill Calculation
 The following are the details of load on a circuit connected
through a supply meter:

i. Six lamps of 40 watts working for 4 hours per day

ii. Two fluorescent tubes 125 watts each working for 2 hours per day
iii. One 100-watt heater working 3 hours per day
If each unit of energy cost Rs. 9.68. What will be the electricity bill for the month of
June?

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Electricity Bill Calculation Cont…

Bill for the month of June = Rs. 9.68 x 133.8= Rs. 1,295.
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Electric Circuits
 The closed path followed by electric current is called an electric
circuit.
 Parts of Electric Circuit
 The essential parts of an electric circuit are:
i. The source of power (e.g., battery, generator etc.).
ii. The conductors used to carry current and (iii) the load* (e.g.,
lamp, heater, motor etc.).
 The source supplies electrical energy to the load which converts it
into heat or other forms of energy.

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DC Circuits
 The closed path followed by direct current (dc) is called a dc
circuit.
 A dc circuit essentially consists of a source of dc power
(e.g., battery, dc generator etc.), the conductors used to carry
current and the load.

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DC Circuits
 Fig. shows a torch bulb connected to a battery through conducting
wires.
 The direct starts from the positive terminal of the battery and
comes back to the starting point via load.
 The direct current follows the path ABCDA.
 The load for a dc circuit is usually a resistance.

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Types of DC Circuit
In a d.c. circuit, loads (i.e., resistances) may be connected in series or
parallel or series parallel. Accordingly, d.c. circuits can be classified
as:

i. Series circuits
ii. Parallel circuits
iii. Series - Parallel circuits

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Series circuits
 The d.c. circuit in which resistances are connected end to end so
that there is only one path for current to flow is called a d.c. series
circuit.
 A series resistor circuit can be a voltage divider circuit because the
potential difference across any one resistor is a fraction of the
total voltage applied across the series combination; the fraction
being determined by the values of the resistances.

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Series circuits
 Consider three resistances R1, R2 and R3 ohms connected in
series across a battery of V volts as shown in Fig.
 There is only one path for current I i.e. current is same throughout
the circuit. By Ohm’s law, voltage across the various resistances is.
 V1= I R1 ; V2 = I R2 ; V3 = I R3
 V = V1 + V2+ V3= I R1 + I R2 + IR 3
 V= I (R1 + R2 + R3)
 Or V/I= R1 + R2 + R3

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Series circuits
 The main characteristics of a series circuit are :
i. The current in each resistor is the same.
ii. The total resistance in the circuit is equal to the sum of individual
resistances.
iii. The total power dissipated in the circuit is equal to the sum of
powers dissipated in individual resistances.
 RS = R1 + R2 + R3
 I2RS = I2R1 + I2R2 + I2R3
or PS = P1 + P2 + P3

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Series circuits
 The main characteristics of a series circuit are :
i. The current in each resistor is the same.
ii. The total resistance in the circuit is equal to the sum of individual
resistances.
iii. The total power dissipated in the circuit is equal to the sum of
powers dissipated in individual resistances.
 RS = R1 + R2 + R3
 I2RS = I2R1 + I2R2 + I2R3
or PS = P1 + P2 + P3

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Example 1

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Example 2

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Example 3

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Thank You

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