Lab no # 9

To Draw vector diagram of AC circuit Containing.

a. Resistance and inductor in series.
b. Resistance and Capacitor in series.
c. Resistor capacitor and inductor in series.
Theory
A. Resistor and inductor in series:
• Inductors react against a change in current. Applying a voltage to its terminals will produce a current that will then create a
magnetic field like any other wire. An inductor is called as such because its magnetic coupling is high. In other words, the
magnetic field it creates will have an effect on the element itself.
• If the magnectic field varies with time (which is the case when you just applied a voltage to the inductor terminals), an
electric field will be induced within the wire the counter the change in magnetic field. This E-field will tend to "stop" the
current that would normally be present without the inductance effect. Thus current "lags" behind voltage. Too quick of
change in current creates an e-field that decreases dI/dt.
• In pure inductive circuit it has been observed that current is lags 90 Degree behind voltage.
• Let the alternating voltage applied to the
circuit is given by.

• As a result, an alternating current i flows

through the inductance which induces an
emf in it.

• The emf which is induced in the circuit is

equal and opposite to the applied voltage.

• Putting the value of e in equation (2) we

will get the equation as
• Integrating both sides of the equation (3), we will get

• In case of pure resistive circuit, the phase angle between voltage and current is zero and in case of pure inductive
circuit, phase angle is 90o but when we combine both resistance and inductor, the phase angle of a series RL
circuit is between 0 to 90
• Vector diagram of RL series Circuit.
Theory
B. Resistor and Capacitor in series:
• When a voltage is supplied across the capacitor’s plates, an electric field is created across them, but no current flows
between them. When a variable voltage source is connected across the capacitor plates, the charging and discharging of
the capacitor cause current to flow through the source.
• When a voltage is supplied across the capacitor’s plates, an electric field is created across them, but no current flows
between them. When a variable voltage source is connected across the capacitor plates, the charging and discharging of
the capacitor cause current to flow through the source.
• Let’s say the circuit’s alternating voltage is
given by the equation
V=Vm​sin(ωt)
• Charge of the capacitor at any instant of time is given as

• Current flowing through the circuit is given by the

equation

• Putting the value of q from the equation (2) in equation

(3) we will get

• Now, putting the value of v from the equation (1) in the

equation (3) we will get
• Note: In case of Series RC
circuit the phase angle of a
series RL circuit is between 0
to 90
Theory
RLC Series Circuit:
       
• When a pure resistance of R ohms, a pure inductance of L Henry and a pure capacitance of C
farads are connected together in series combination with each other then RLC Series Circuit is
formed. As all the three elements are connected in series so, the current flowing through each
element of
• the circuit will be the same as the total current I flowing in the circuit.
• In the RLC Series circuit
XL = 2πfL and XC = 1/2πfC
• When the AC voltage is applied through the RLC Series circuit the resulting current I flows through
the circuit, and thus the voltage across each element will be:
VR = IR that is the voltage across the resistance R and is in phase with the current I.
VL = IXL that is the voltage across the inductance L and it leads the current I by an angle of 90 degrees.
VC = IXC that is the voltage across capacitor C and it lags the current I by an angle of 90 degrees.
Theory

Phasor Diagram of RLC series

Circuit:
The phasor diagram of the RLC
series circuit when the circuit is
acting as an inductive circuit that
means (VL>VC) is shown below and
if (VL< VC) the circuit will behave as
a capacitive circuit.