Q1. WHAT IS KVL?

Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of the potential rises and drops around a
closed loop (or path) is zero.

Q2. LIMITATION OF KVL?

KCL and KVL are not good for high frequency AC circuits , KVL is based on the assumption that there
is no changing magnetic field within the closed circuit.

Q3. WHAT IS KCL?

Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) states the sum of the currents entering an area, system, or junction
must equal the sum of the currents leaving the area, system, or junction.

Q4. LIMITATION OF KCL?

KCL and KVL are not good for high frequency AC circuits ,KCL is valid only if the total electric charge is
constant in the circuit.

Q5. WHAT IS NODE?

A node is the point of connection between two or more branches, it is usually represented by a dot
in a circuit.

Q6. WHAT IS RESISTANCE AND UNIT OF RESISTANCE?

Property, or ability to resist the flow of current, is known as resistance and is represented by the
symbol R. Unit of resistance is ohms (Ω).

Q7. WHY AMMETER IS CONNECTED IN SERIES?

Ammeter is always connected in series because it has low internal resistance. The current to be
measured in the circuit should not be practically affected by the Ammeter, hence the need to have a
low internal resistance.

Q8. WHY VOLMETER IS CONNECTED IN PARALLEL?

Because it has high internal resistance. The voltage to be measured in the circuit should not be
practically affected by the Voltmeter, hence Voltmeter is always connected in parallel.

Q9. WHAT IS THE USE OF MULTIMETER?

A digital multimeter is a test tool used to measure two or more electrical values—principally voltage
(volts), current (amps) and resistance (ohms).

Q10. WHAT IS SERIES CIRCUIT?

A series circuit comprises a path along which the whole current flows through each component
equally without being divided, it have no branches.

Q11. WHAT IS PARALLEL CIRCUIT?

A parallel circuit comprises branches so that the current divides and only part of it flows through any
branch.

Q12. DEFINE OHMS LAW?

At a constant temperature, the electrical current flowing through a resistor is directly proportional
to the voltage applied across it, and also inversely proportional to the resistance. This relationship
between the Voltage, Current and Resistance is called as Ohms Law.

Q13. WHAT IS LINEAR AND NON LINEAR CIRCUIT?

A circuit in which circuit parameters (Resistance, inductance, capacitance, etc) are constant and who
obeys ohms law that is called Linear Circuit. Whereas circuits in which the parameters (Resistance,
inductance, capacitance, etc) is not constant and who don’t obeys ohms law, is called Non Linear
Circuit.

Q14 EXAMPLES OF LINEAR AND NON LINEAR CIRCUIT?

-Examples of Liner Circuits and Linear Elements

Resistance and Resistive Circuit

Inductor and Inductive Circuits

Capacitor and Capacitive Circuits

-Examples of Non-Liner Circuits and Non Linear Elements

Diode

Transistor

Transformer

Q15. COMPARISON BETWEEN AC AND DC ?

AC is safe to transfer longer distance even DC cannot travel for a very long distance. It loses
between two cities, and maintain the electric electric power.
power.

The rotating magnets cause the change in

The steady magnetism makes DC flow in a single
direction of electric flow.
direction.
The frequency of AC is depended upon the
DC has no frequency of zero frequency.
country. But, generally, the frequency is 50 Hz
or 60 Hz.

In AC the flow of current changes its direction
backwards periodically.
Electrons in AC keep changing its directions –
backward and forward
It flows in a single direction steadily.
Electrons only move in one direction – that is
forward.
Q16. WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF WATTMETER?
Function of wattmeter is to measure electric power in watts.

Q17. WHAT IS POWER FACTOR?

The term power factor comes into the picture in AC circuits only. Mathematically it is the cosine of
the phase difference between the source voltage and current. It refers to the fraction of total power
(apparent power) which is utilized to do the useful work called active power.

Q18. WHAT IS PHASE ANGLE?

The phase angle theta is the phase difference between the voltage applied to the impedance and the
current flow through the impedance.

Q19. WHAT IS FORMULA OF POWER?

Rate Of Doing Work Is Called as power and it is denoted as P.

The formula for power is articulated as

[P= V*I or P= V*I*Cos(theta)]

The power formula written in terms of  Ohm’s law is

(or)
Q20. WHAT IS THE NATURE OF VOLTAGE AND CURRENT IN CASE OF
RESISTOR AND INDUCTOR?
In case of resistor, the voltage and the current are in same phase or we can say that the phase angle
difference between voltage and current is zero.

In inductor, the voltage and the current are not in phase. The voltage leads that of current by 90o or
in other words, voltage attains its maximum and zero value 90o before the current attains it.

Q21. WHAT IS VARIAC?

Variable Voltage Transformers (also known as Adjustable Voltage Transformers) are transformers
that can produce differing levels of output voltage from just one input voltage. These provide users
with an efficient, trouble-free way to change voltage in a short amount of time. If misused, a variac
can damage the load. That is why variacs are mostly used in laboratories and shops where trained
personnel operate them.

Q22. What is significance of voltage and reactance triangle?

It can be used to calculate Impedance when resistance (R), Inductance (L) and Capacitance (C) are all
present in the circuit, and the total reactance (X) is the difference between the Inductive Reactance
(XL) and Capacitive Reactance (XC). In this case the formula for Z becomes:

Q23. Draw vector diagram for R – L series circuit when fed by DC

supply.

Q24. WHAT IS REAL , REACTIVE AND APPARENT POWER?

Reactive power (Q) represents electrical energy stored in the coil that then flows back to the grid.
Ideal coils do not consume any electrical energy, but create a significant electric current, its unit is
Var( Volt-Ampere-Reactive)

Real power (P) is the power actually consumed due to the resistive load, unit of real power is watt.

Apparent power(S) is the power the grid must be able to withstand. Apparent power unit is VA (Volt
Ampere)

Q25. FORMULA TO CALCULATE REAL , APPARENT AND REACTIVE

POWER?
Real power (P)= VIcos(theta)

Apparent power(S)= VI
Reactive power (Q)= VIsin(theta)

Q26. What do you mean by choke coil? Why the name is given so?
A choke coil is a coil with high inductance and very small resistances used for controlling current in
an a.c. circuit. A choke usually consists of a coil of insulated wire often wound on a magnetic core,
although some consist of a doughnut-shaped "bead" of ferrite material strung on a wire.

The name comes from blocking—"choking"—

high frequencies while passing low frequencies.

Q27. Why power waveform is not symmetrical to X – axis in R – L

circuit?
Power is a nonlinear quantity because for Resistive part in the said network will have P1 = (I^2)*R
and Inductive part will have P2 = (1/2)*L*(I^2). Both are squared terms and hence the total power
will be Pt = P1+ P2. So there will be 90 degree shift in RL circuit so that’s why here, power waveform
is not symmetrical to X axis.