Electric Circuits

Lecture # 2: Facing the Resistance

Department of Mechatronics and Control Engineering

University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore
1
 Revision

 Current: Flow of “Free” electrons, Q/t.

 Voltage: Energy which drive the charges (free electrons)
 Examples
 Determine the energy expended moving a charge of 50 mC through a
potential difference of 6 V.
 Determine the time required for 4 x1016 electrons to pass through
some point if the current is 5 mA.
 Rating of a Battery

Ampere-Hour Rating
 Describes the expected life of a battery
 Depends on two factors:
 Temperature (At low and high temperatures)
 Amount of current being drawn
 100 Ah battery will provide 100 A current for 1 hour, theoretically
 Rating of a Battery

 the capacity of a dc battery decreases with an increase in the current

Demand, and
 the capacity of a dc battery decreases at relatively (compared to room
temperature) low and high temperatures.
 Rating of a Battery
 the capacity of a dc battery decreases with an increase in the current
Demand, and
 the capacity of a dc battery decreases at relatively (compared to room
temperature) low and high temperatures.
 Rating of a Battery

 the terminal voltage of a dc battery decreases with the length of the

discharge time at a particular drain current.
Rating of a Battery
 Resistance

 What is “Resistance”?
 Its “Obstruction to flow” or “Opposition”
 Whenever there is flow, there will be some resistance in its path
 Resistance acts as a sensor, which tells us that there is some flow taking
place
 Electrical resistance depends on:
 Material
 Length
 X-sectional area
 Temperature (Why?)

 The longer the path the charge must pass through, the higher the
resistance level, whereas the larger the area (and therefore available
room), the lower the resistance. Resistance is thus directly proportional to
length and inversely proportional to area.
Resistance
 The Famous Ohm’s Law

 Basic relation between Voltage, Current and Resistance

 Consider
 Ohm’s Law

 Defining polarity across a resistor

 Ohm Plots (I = V/R)
 What is “1/R”?
 Power

 Indication of “rate” with which “work” is being done, or how energy is

being consumed
 Power

 Prime source of power in primitive times was horses, that’s why earlier
scientists used to compare power of any machine with horses
 How much energy on average a horse dissipates in a whole day?
 Power

 Changing notation of power into labels we know

 How??? (What happened all of a sudden… (o.O), from where did this
equation popped out???)
 Power

 What is the difference between following notations and one shown in

the last slide???

 What power is delivered to a resistor???

 How a battery is charged???
 Efficiency

 Energy is always conserved, i.e. it can neither be created, nor it can be

destroyed
 Hence Energy Delivered = Energy Out + Energy lost or stored
 Convert it into Power equation
 Efficiency, ɳ =

 
 Efficiency
Example
 What is the output in horsepower of a motor with an efficiency of 80% and an
input current of 8 A at 120 V?
 A 2-hp motor operates at an efficiency of 75%. What is the power input in
watts? If the applied voltage is 220 V, what is the input current?
 Ohm’s Law

 Defining polarity across a resistor

 Efficiency

 Cascaded systems
 kWh

 You have to pay for kWh you have used…… (Not talking about
Pakistan… ^_^)
 What is this kWh?

 E.g., the kilowatt-hour energy level: consider that 1 kWh is the energy
dissipated by a 100-W bulb in 10 h.
Any question so far???
 Ch 5
Series DC Circuits
 Series

 A circuit consists of any number of elements joined at terminal points,

providing at least one closed path through which charge can flow.
 Series
 Two elements are in series if
 1. They have only one terminal in common (i.e., one lead of one is
connected to only one lead of the other).
 2. The common point between the two elements is not connected to
another current-carrying element.

 The current is the same through

series elements.
 Electric Circuits

 There are primarily two types of Current flows

 Direct (DC)
 Alternating (AC)
 For this and many of the upcoming lectures we will be focusing on
circuits involving “Direct Current”
 Electric Circuits

 Any electric circuit in the world is just a “series” or “parallel”

combination of components.
 In next few slides we will see what is a “series” combination of
components.

Basic Components of an Electric Circuit

 Series Circuits
 When components are in series???
 Series

 Current through a serially connected components is same (Why?)

 What is a Branch?

 A branch of a circuit is any portion of the circuit that has one or more
elements in series.

 The total resistance of a series circuit is the sum of the resistance levels.
 Series
 Battery doesn’t know what is blocking currents path, only thing it knows is, how much
“Opposition” current will face if I’ll push current into the circuit.

 In general, to find the total resistance of N resistors in series, the following equation is
applied:

 If Rs are same, then Rt = NR

 Where N is the number of Rs in series.
 Series
 Total Power (or Energy) delivered by the source should be equal to Total
Power consumed by the resistances
 Series
 Find the total resistance for the series circuit shown.
 Calculate the source current, I.
 Determine the voltages V1, V2, and V3.
 Calculate the power dissipated by R1, R2, and R3.
 Determine the power delivered by the source, and compare it to the
sum of the power levels of part (d).
 Series
 Voltage sources in series

 The net voltage is determined simply by summing the sources with the
same polarity and subtracting the total of the sources with the opposite
“pressure.” The net polarity is the polarity of the larger sum.
 Series
 Interchanging series elements
 You can interchange any series components with each other without affecting the total resistance or
voltage supply of the circuit
 Voltage Divider Rule
 Larger the resistance, more energy will be required to overcome it

 In a series circuit, the voltage across the resistive elements will divide as the
magnitude of the resistance levels.

 Series
 Design the voltage divider such that VR1 = 9VR2.
 Thank you
Any Questions???